NIGHTINGALE
Florence Nightingale came from a rich family and was very pretty. In her family, young girls usually spent their time going to parties until they married rich young men. But Florence found parties boring; she wanted to be a nurse. Finally, in 1850, when she was 30, her parents accepted her decision. So she went to study in a hospital in Germany. Then she was in charge of a nursing-home for women in London. Soon she was asked to go to the Crimea to take charge of the wounded soldiers.
The conditions in the Crimean hospital were terrible. Forty per cent of the patients died. Certain beds seemed fatal: soldiers died in them after two days. Nightingale decided that this was because of bad drains, and insisted that the government do something about it. Workmen put in a proper drainage system and supplied pure drinking water. The death rate dropped to two percent. On her return to England people greeted Florence Nightingale as a heroine. She was an important force in the movement to reform hospitals and nursing in England. By 1900 unsafe hospitals and ignorant nurses were things of the past.

南丁格尔
弗罗伦斯•南丁格尔出身于富有家庭，相貌俊俏。在像她这样的家庭里，年轻女子总是把时间打发在舞会上，直到嫁给富家子弟。但是弗罗伦斯觉得舞会无聊；她想当护士。1850年她三十岁的时候，她父母终于接受了她的抉择。她这才得以到德意志的一所医院里学习。后来她在伦敦负责一家妇女护理院。不久就被派到克里米亚照顾伤员。
克里米亚医院的条件非常糟糕。百分之四十的病人在医院里死去。有些床位似乎是致命的：士兵在床上呆两天就死去。南丁格尔认为这是由于恶劣的排污状况引起的。她主张政府要设法改变这种状况。工人安装了合适的排水装置，提供纯净的饮用水。死亡率下降到百分之二。当她返回英国时，人们把弗罗伦斯•南丁格尔作为女英雄来欢迎。她是英国医院改革及护理运动中一个重要的推动力。到1900年，不保险的医院与无知的护士都不存在了。

AFTER THE TEST
— How did you do in yesterday's test?
—Not very well, I'm afraid. I made a mistake in grammar and two spelling mistakes. I wasn't careful enough.
— We all make mistakes. But we can learn from our mistakes, can't we?
— How did you do? Did you get everything right?
— I didn't make any mistakes, but my handwriting was poor. My teacher told me to pay more attention to that.

测验之后
— 昨天的测验你做得怎么样？
— 恐怕不是很好。我语法上错了一处，还错了两处拼写。我不够细心。
— 我们都会犯错的。但从错误中能吸取教训，是不是？
— 你做得怎么样？都做对了吗？
— 我一个错都没有出，但是字写得太差了。老师让我多注意书写。

NOTES TO THE TEXT

Florence Nightingale came from a rich family and was very pretty.
came from a rich family 来自一个富裕的家庭

In her family, young girls usually spent their time going to parties until they married rich young men. 在像她这样的家庭里，年轻女子通常以跳舞打发时光，到最后就嫁给富家子弟。
这是一个带有主从关系的复合句，主句和从句之间由连词until连结，until之前是主句，until之后是从句。
until的两种用法：
1) 用于肯定句中，意思是“直到……时候为止”，前面的动词要用延续性的状态动词。例如：
He lived in England until last year. 直到去年为止，他一直住在英国。（这是一个单句，在单句中，until是介词）
Wait there until I call you. 在那儿等着，直到我叫你为止。（在复合句中until是连词）
2) 用于否定结构中，意思是“在……之前，直到……时候才……”，前面的动词要用瞬间性的行为动词。例如：
I won’t go until tomorrow morning. 我要到明天早上才走。（简单句，until是介词）
I have nothing to say until I see my lawyer. 在见到律师之前，我没有话可说。（复合句，until是连词）
in her family 意思是“在像她这样的家庭里”，因为其后的young girls之前不带定冠词，是泛指“年轻女子”。
marry作及物动词用时，意思既可以是“嫁”也可以是“娶”，一词两用，视具体情况而定。
spent time going to parties 把时间花在参加舞会上
spent time doing sth. 花时间做某事，例如：
He spent his lifetime working for the cause of peace. 他毕生都在为和平事业而工作。

But Florence found parties boring. 但是佛罗伦斯却觉得那些舞会很无聊。
find + 宾语 + 形容词或名词短语，表示“觉得……怎么样”。例如：
I found him an interesting man. 我觉得他是一个风趣的人。
He found the text too difficult for him. 他觉得课文对他来说太难了。

Then she was in charge of a nursing-home for women in London.
nursing-home for women 妇女护理院

Soon she was asked to go to the Crimea to take charge of the wounded soldiers. 不久，她被派往克里米亚半岛去照顾受伤的士兵。
本句谓语动词was asked后面跟了两个不定式，“to go to”和“to take charge of”；
was asked是被动语态，意思是“被要求”。被动语态是由助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词。
the Crimea 指的是“克里米亚半岛”，半岛的名称前要用定冠词。
Crimean War 克里米亚战争
take charge of 负责……，照顾…… (强调的是动作和行为）。
be in charge of 负责…… （说明一种状态）。
例如：
He is in charge of that project. 他负责那个项目。
Mary is going to take charge of the child when his parents are away. 当这个孩子的父母外出的时候，玛丽将照顾这个孩子。

Forty per cent of the patients died.
per cent 表示百分比，英语中用基数词 + per cent 表示“百分之……”，例如：
two per cent 百分之二
fifty-five per cent 百分之五十五

Certain beds seemed fatal: soldiers died in them after two days. 有些床位似乎是致命的，士兵在床上呆两天就死去了。
在这里certain是形容词，意思是“某个、某些”；
seemed是seem的过去时，意思是“似乎是，显得”，这是个联系动词，其作用和联系动词be一样，用来表示某种状态或事实；
这里的冒号，表示它后面的部分进一步说明和解释前面的部分；
句中的them指代前面的“beds”。

Nightingale decided that this was because of bad drains, and insisted that the government do something about it. 南丁格尔认为，这是由于恶劣的排污状况引起的，她主张政府要设法改变这种状况。
这是由连词and连接的一个并列结构，谓语动词有两个，是decided和insisted；两个谓语动词又分别跟了一个以that引导的宾语从句；
do sth. about it 是对这种状况采取一些措施，it指排污设施恶劣的状况。
decided意思是“认定……，判定……”。
because of意思是“因为……，由于……”，后面跟名词或名词短语，不能跟句子。例如：
The plane was one hour late because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，飞机误点了一个小时。
Because of his efforts, the meeting was a great success. 由于他的努力，会议获得了圆满成功。
动词insist后面跟that引导的宾语从句时，从句中不管主语是什么人称，什么数，动词只用原型，而且没有时态变化。例如：
We insist that he take the doctor’s advice. 我们坚持认为他应该听从医生的劝告。
She insisted that the library be open on Sundays. 她坚决主张图书馆在星期天也要开放。

The death rate dropped to two per cent. 死亡率下降到百分之二。
dropped to 意思是“下降到”，例如：
The temperature dropped to zero. 气温降到了零度。
death rate 死亡率
关于“率”的常用词组：
birth rate 出生率
employment rate 就业率
unemployment rate 失业率
crime rate 犯罪率

On her return to England people greeted Florence Nightingale as a heroine. 当她返回英国时，人们把弗罗伦斯•南丁格尔作为女英雄来欢迎。
Greet 是一个常用词，意思是“问候、迎接、招呼”。
greet sb. as 把某人当作……来迎接。
greet with 表示“以……方式招呼某人”。例如：
she greeted me with a smile. 她微笑着和我打了个招呼。

She was an important force in the movement to reform hospitals and nursing in England. 她是当时英国在医院和护理改革的运动中颇具影响的重要人物。
to reform hospitals and nursing in England是动词不定式短语，修饰前面的movement；
nursing是名词，意思是“护理工作”。

By 1900 unsafe hospitals and ignorant nurses were things of the past.
by 1900 意思是“到1900年为止”，
by是介词，意思是“到……之前，截止到……”，例如：
I was very tired by the evening. 到了晚上我已经很疲乏了。
I usually finish work by five o’clock. 我通常在五点之前结束工作。

NOTES TO THE DIALOGUE

How did you do in yesterday’s test? 你昨天的测验做得怎么样？
do是不及物动词，意思是“考试”，例如：
do well in the test / do well in the examination 考得好
也可用do a good job，例如：
Did you do a good job in yesterday’s test?
Yes I did. / No, I’m afraid not.

I wasn’t careful enough. 我不够仔细。
enough作副词一定要放在所修饰的形容词或副词的后面，例如：
The room is big enough for three people. 这个房间对于三个人来说够大的了。（修饰形容词big）
He didn’t run fast enough. 他跑得不够快。（修饰副词fast）
enough也可用作形容词修饰名词，但要放在所修饰的名词前，例如：
I haven’t enough money to buy a computer. 我没有足够的钱来买电脑。（形容词修饰名词money）

We all make mistakes.我们谁都免不了犯错误。
（一般现在时表示普遍事实）

Did you get everything right? 所有的题你都做对了吗？
everything是不定代词，具体意思由上下文决定；
get + 名词 + 形容词 表示“把……弄成……样”，例如：
Let me get this clear. 让我把这件事搞清楚。
Please get the papers ready. 请把文件准备好。

My teacher told me to pay more attention to that. 我的老师告诉我要我多注意书写。
ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事；tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人去做某事
pay attention to 对……重视，对……注意，（这里to是介词，而非动词不定式符号），例如：
He didn’t pay enough attention to that problem. 他对那个问题不予足够的重视。
Please pay attention to the road signs. 请注意路标。

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