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超级大国的兴衰(视频+MP3+中英字幕) 第14期:发现新世界(3)

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France, England and Italy;

法国,英国,意大利
the year 1453 marked not only
1453年不仅标志着
the end of the Byzantine Empire
拜占庭帝国的结束
but the end of the 100 years war,
还标志着英法之间
from 1337 to 1453 between France and Great Britain.
百年战争(1337-1453)的结束
Although the war did not go on continuously
虽然这场战争没有再持续下去
both nations were exhausted
两国都已经筋疲力尽

发现新世界2.jpg

and they both needed time to recover.

需要时间恢复
Because of the number of
因为很多
powerful French nobles killed
有势力的法国贵族死于战争
the King of France was able to
法国国王得以
take over the entire French government.
掌握整个法国政府
Under the French Monarchy
在法国王室的统治下
the people's rights were
人们的权利是由
what the King decided the people's rights were.
国王所决定的
Even after the French economy bounced back
即使在法国经济恢复之后
exploration was still decades off in 1500.
法国的海外扩张在也是在1500年的几十年后才开始
Great Britain's recovery
英国的恢复发展
got off to an even slower start
还要慢一些
thanks to a 30 year civil war
因为约克王朝和
between the York and Lancaster factions.
兰卡斯特王朝长达30年的战争
Neither faction will be on the exam.
这些都不会出现在考试中
In 1485 Henry Tudor unified the British throne
1485年,亨利都铎统一了两个王族
and began undercutting
开始消弱
the position of the British nobles.
英国其他贵族的势力
As opposed to the autocratic French Kings
与法国国王不同
who were the law
法国国王自己制定法律
King Henry of England
英国的亨利7世
worked with parliament
和议会一起
to establish his dynasty's position.
确定王朝的地位
Britain was a parliamentary democracy.
英国是议会民主制
This was important
这对美国的历史来说
for the history of the United States
很重要
and when this parliamentary democracy
在议会民主制
was established then
建立之后
Britain could think about its own empire.
英国才开始关注自己的国度
Italy meanwhile was dominated
意大利与此同时
by 5 wealthy city states;
由5个富裕的城邦控制
Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples
威尼斯,米兰,佛罗伦萨,那不勒斯
and the Papal States which included Rome.
以及包括罗马在内的教皇国
They shared the Italian language
他们共用意大利语
and an Italian heritage,
和意大利文化
they liked to think of themselves
他们更愿意把自己看成是
as modern Romans
现代罗马人
but they were basically busy fighting each other
不过他们一直在忙于互相征战
for land, money and new markets.
争夺土地,金钱,和新的市场
Fearing that one or another of them
因为担心其中的某一城邦
might become too powerful
过于强大
they got involved in
他们之间展开了
a dizzying pattern of alliances and wars.
一系列令人眼花缭乱的联盟和战争
This is the cultural background of
这就是马基雅维利
Machiavelli's 1505 masterpiece 'the Prince'.
1505年著作《君主论》的背景
Do unto your enemy
消灭你的敌人
before your enemy does unto you.
否则他就会消灭你
For economic or political reasons
由于政治和经济上的原因
many Italian captains made their mark exploring
很多意大利的船长都是在为其他国家服务时
in the service of other nations.
进行了自己的探索
Italy herself would never make much of a mark
而意大利本身则在探索新大陆上
in the New World.
没有做出什么贡献
Portugal and Spain;
葡萄牙和西班牙
The French, the British and the Italians
法国,英国和意大利
weren't ready to look across the Atlantic just yet
当时还没有打算要横渡大西洋
but the Spanish and Portuguese
但是西班牙人和葡萄牙人
were ready to take advantage of
已经准备好利用
advances in navigation.
进步的航海技术
In 1487 Portuguese explorer Berta Lemay Dias
1487年葡萄牙探险家巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士
conquered traditional naval fears
克服了人们传统上对航海的恐惧
like boiling sea water,
如翻滚的海水
falling off the edge of the earth
无望无际的海平面
and angry sea monsters
愤怒的海兽
and sailed as far as the southern tip of Africa.
到达了非洲的最南端
In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
1492年在西班牙伊利莎白和费迪南王室支持下
backed Christopher Columbus's dream of
哥伦布通过向西航行
reaching India by sailing westward;
到达了他以为的印度
of course Columbus found
当然哥伦布其实发现的是
the land of Hispaniola instead and
伊斯帕尼奥拉岛
technically, only technically,
从技术上说
the America's.
美洲
Word got out that
人们开始相信
new lands were waiting to be
新的土地还等着
discovered and claimed.
人们的发现和占有
In 1498 the Portuguese,
1498年,葡萄牙人
Vasco De Gama successfully reached India
瓦斯科·达伽马通过沿非洲航行
by sailing around Africa.
到达了印度
He came back to Portugal the next year
他第二年回到葡萄牙的时候
with a load of spices
带回了很多香料
which not only brought a huge profit
这不仅带来了很多利润
but touched off a frenzy of exploration.
还引发了探索狂热
The fleet sent by Portugal in 1500
1500年原本
to follow up on De Gama's discovery
要沿着达伽马路线前行的葡萄牙舰队
was blown off course
被风吹离了航线
and wound up in what is now Brazil.
最后到达了现在的巴西

重点单词   查看全部解释    
unified

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adj. 统一的;一致标准的 v. 统一;使一致(uni

 
advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ]

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n. 优势,有利条件
vt. 有利于

联想记忆
dizzying ['diziiŋ]

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adj. 极快的,极高的

 
recovery [ri'kʌvəri]

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n. 恢复,复原,痊愈

 
masterpiece ['mɑ:stəpi:s]

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n. 杰作

 
throne [θrəun]

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n. 王座,君主

 
opposed [ə'pəuzd]

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adj. 反对的,敌对的 v. 和 ... 起冲突,反抗

 
navigation [.nævi'geiʃən]

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n. 航行,航海,导航

 
traditional [trə'diʃənəl]

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adj. 传统的

 
pattern ['pætən]

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n. 图案,式样,典范,模式,型
v. 以图案

 

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