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The beginnings of the Inca Empire
印加古国的起源
are mysterious as well.
也很神秘
It seems their rise to power began around 1200AD
据说他们开始建立是在1200年
as they gradually acquired power
他们的影响力
over neighboring peoples.
逐渐波及到周围的民族
At this point the Inca Empire extended
当时印加古国的领土
for roughly 2500 miles
沿南美的西海岸
along the western coast of South America
差不多有2500英里长
encompassing much of modern Peru and Chile
包含了现在秘鲁和智利的大部
with parts of Ecuador.
以及厄瓜多尔的一部分
Its population at that time
当时的人口数
is estimated to be about a million people.
估计有100万
The Incans were usually satisfied to rule
印加人习惯通过
by proxy and gradual assimilation.
扶植代理人和逐步同化进行统治
That is to say they allowed local rulers
也就是说他们允许当地的统治者
to retain control over their peoples
保留一定的权力
as long as these local rulers paid their taxes,
只要他们按时上供
sent soldiers and obeyed the Incans.
派出战士，服从印加人的统治
The city of Cuzco in the Peruvian Highlands
秘鲁高地上的库斯科
was the center of a large bureaucratic government
曾是当时庞大管理机构的中心
connected by an excellent road system.
交通也四通八达
At the center of the government was the Inca;
当时的统治中心是印加国王
son of the almighty Sun God
全能的太阳神之子
and supreme master of all of his subjects.
臣民的最高统治者
You could say he had some serious imperium.
可以说他有一定的统治权
In 1521 the Spanish conquistador
1521年西班牙的征服者
Francisco Pesaro set out
弗朗西斯科佩萨罗
with a mere 200 soldiers to conquer the Incans.
和一支只有200人的队伍出发征服印加
200 well armed soldiers.
200名全副武装的战士
Pesaro emulated Cortez's sleazy tactics
佩萨罗模仿了科尔特斯卑劣的手段
without enjoying Cortez's success.
却没有获得科尔斯特一样的成功
Pesaro started by kidnapping the Inca,
佩萨罗一开始绑架了印加国王
Atahualpa whom he tried to use as a puppet ruler.
阿塔瓦尔帕，作为自己的傀儡统治者
Finally Pesaro executed Atahualpa in 1533.
最后佩萨罗在1533年处死了阿塔瓦尔帕
By the 1560's, after a long and difficult fight,
在十六世纪60年代，经过漫长和艰苦的战斗
the Incan Empire had fallen to the Spaniards
印加古国落入了西班牙之手
and adding to the territory taken from the Aztecs.
和阿兹特克的领土连在一起
Having wiped out a 2nd great American Empire
在摧毁掉第二个最伟大的美洲古国后
the Spaniards were again busily exploiting their new,
西班牙人又再一次开始了自己的扩张
improved Terra Nullius.
占领新的无人之地
The Indians of North America;
北美印第安人
the earliest known Indian culture
美国东部最早知道的
in the eastern United States is
印第安文化是
that of the Adana
阿达那文化
which appeared in the Ohio River valley
它大约于1000bc
around 1000BC.
出现于俄亥俄河谷
The Adana began building burial sites
阿达那人在600BC开始建立
and fortifications around 600BC.
自己的葬址和防御工事
The Adana culture was replaced or absorbed
之后阿达那文化被
by the more advanced Hopewell culture
更先进的霍普韦尔文化所取代或吸收
who built more prolifically
霍普韦尔人建立了更多的建筑
and seems to have traded extensively.
而且似乎也进行了广泛的贸易
Around 500BC
在500bc左右
the Hopewell culture gave way to
霍普韦尔文化让位于
the Mississippian or Temple Mound culture
密西西比土墩群文化
best represented today
我们今天能看到的
by the ruins surviving at Cahokia, Illinois,
最好的遗址就在伊利诺伊的卡俄基亚
a city right across the Mississippi River
就在圣路易斯密西西比河的
from St Louis.
对面
In fact the term Cahokian
事实上，人们有时候也用
has sometimes been used to denote this culture.
卡俄基亚来指代整个文化
By the 1100's as the Byzantines
1100年时，当时的拜占庭人
were fighting off the Crusaders,
在抗击十字军
Cahokia may have had
卡俄基亚人已经有
as many as 20000 people living a town
2万人居住在
centered around a huge earth mound
以土丘为中心的镇上
which exists to this day.
这到现在还存在
Like the Hopewell culture
和霍普韦尔文化很类似
the Mississippian culture relied on hunting,
密西西比文化以打猎
agriculture and trading.
农业和贸易为主
The Mississippians may even have held slaves.
密西西比人可能还拥有奴隶
For some unknown reason
出于一些未知的原因
Cahokia is thought to have been abandoned by 1400BC
卡俄基亚在1400bc的时候被遗弃
but its remains are a mere 3 and a half hour drive
不过它距离密苏里州立大学的校园
from the Missouri State University campus.
只有三个半小时的车程
Well worth seeing.
很值得一看
