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In particularly difficult political or military situations,
在政治或者军事情况极其困难的情形下
the Romans would naturally assume that some god or goddess had been offended.
罗马人会自然地认为冒犯了某个神
The Roman's difficulties would continue,
他们认为，罗马的困境会持续
they believed, until the offended deity had been identified, no small task, and won back into good graces.
除非被冒犯的神灵得到确认，这不是一项小工程赢回这位神的青睐。
As a rule, the Romans were open to the worship of other people's deities,
规则是罗马人接受其他人的神灵
provided that these other people were willing to worship Roman deities.
只要这些人愿意信奉罗马的神灵
The only exception was made in the case of religions,
唯一的例外是宗教
which seemed to go against the official Roman core values,
似乎和罗马的官方价值观相违背
such as the Bacchic ritual of Dionysus in the second century BC,
例如公元前二世纪的狄奥尼索斯的酒神仪式
and the Jewish grouping known as the Christians who emerged in the 1st century AD.
以及公元一世纪产生的基督教徒
We can speak of the Roman's religion as a state religion,
我们可以说罗马人的宗教是国教
because it was run by the Roman state for the good of the Roman state.
因为它是由罗马城邦国负责为了维护罗马城邦国的利益
In the days of the monarchy, the king was a supreme priest of the religion, and appointed all of the other priests.
在君主制时期国王是宗教的最高祭祀负责任命其他的祭祀
In republican times, the chief priest or Pontifex Maximus was elected, as were the members of the other, lesser priesthoods.
在共和国时期祭司长或者Pontifex Maximus和其他成员一样是选举出来的较低级的祭祀也是选举出来的
The magistrates of the Roman state also had the right to consult augurs, haruspices and other brands of fortune tellers, on behalf of the state.
罗马的审判官有权参与占卜占卜师和其他的预言家代表罗马
Practically from Rome's founding, kings
实际上，从罗马建立以来
and then magistrates built huge temples to the great gods and goddesses, especially the Capitoline trio of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.
国王和审判官为伟大的神建立了宏大的神庙特别是朱庇特神殿朱诺和密涅瓦的神庙
Each temple became the site of rituals enhancing the glory of the Roman state and the glory of the magistrate who built the temple.
每一座庙都变成了仪式地点促进罗马的荣誉以及建立这些神庙的审判官的荣耀
Although the Roman state religion was a great unifying factor in Roman life,
尽管罗马国教是生活中的团结因素
it failed the Roman people in one crucial respect.
但它在很重要的方面让罗马人失望
The Roman gods and goddesses didn't care about humans.
罗马的众神不在乎人类
So there seemed to be no reason for human existence.
因此，人类的存在似乎没有原因
Just be a good Roman, do your duty, don't ask questions and the Roman religion offered no hope of a satisfactory afterlife.
做一个好罗马人，履行你的职责不要问问题，罗马宗教没有给人们满意的来世的希望
Greco-Roman myths of the afterlife traditionally offered lots of depressing details,
希腊罗马关于来生的神话通常都令人沮丧
but no reason to live and very little comfort about what might happen afterwards.
没有继续来世的希望来世的安慰很少
So the Roman people as a whole, would turn to other forms of worship to better meet their spiritual needs.
因为所有罗马人都会转向其它的崇拜以更好地满足他们的精神需要
And this spiritual dissatisfaction with the Roman state religion
这种对罗马国教的精神不满足
only got deeper as society changed,
随着社会的变革而加深
but the religious rituals remained static, static, static. Stop.
但是宗教仪式依旧不变，不变，不变，停止
Segment 7d: Wars and Peaces.
7d战争与和平
From the beginning of Roman times,
罗马时代从一开始
military service was not an obligation for citizens,
兵役都不是公民的义务
it was a privilege.
而是一种殊荣
Only citizens who could afford their own weapons were allowed to serve.
只有买得起武器的公民能够参军
The more equipment and the better equipment a citizen could purchase,
一个公民能买到更多更好的装备
the greater his role in the army, and the greater his political rights.
他在军队中的地位越高他的政治权利越大
It was assumed that those with the most money
假设那些有很多钱的人
could afford the best equipment, better equipped soldiers did more service to the Roman state, and therefore, the better equipped soldiers deserved more of a voice in Roman government.
买得起最好的装备装备更好的士兵更好地服务国家因此，装备更好的士兵应该在政府中拥有更多话语权
The lowest proletarians fought with slings and rocks.
最低级的平民用吊索和石头战斗
The better off could fight with cheap swords and cheap armor.
装备更好的使用的是便宜的剑和廉价的铠甲。
