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Section 3
Task 1 Learning to predict
1. When it has been decided what's to be read, a chapter of a book for example, then it's helpful to get an overview of the contents before starting to read.
This can be done by reading the introduction, usually the opening paragraph, and the conclusion, usually the final paragraph. In addition, (pause) a glance at at the headings of sections or subsections will show the order in which the items are introduced.
2. Finally, the students should ask themselves a specific question connected with the main part of their reading.
They should then endeavour to answer it by making appropriate notes as they read. This will help them to focus on the reading as well as (pause) provide a summary which can be re-read later.
3. When the students is writing a dissertation or doing a piece of research, then he will need to consult a specialized bibliography.
This is a book which lists all the published materials on a particular subject, and in some cases, gives a brief summary of each item. Very recent research, however, (pause) may not appear in a bibliography.
4. There's the type of error which leads to misunderstanding or, even worse, to a total breakdown in communication.
The causes of such misunderstanding and breakdowns are numerous, and I'll therefore be able to (pause) do no more than try to cover the most important ones here.
5. Very often those students who come from a language background which is Indo-European, mis-use English words which have a similar form to those in their native language.
Spanish speakers, for example, expect the English word "actually" to mean the same as the Spanish word "actualmente". Unfortunately, (pause) it doesn't.
6. Finally, we come to the third type of error. This is the least damaging of the three, though (pause) it's still important.
n. 摘要
adj. 概要的，简略的
