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超级大国的兴衰(视频+MP3+中英字幕) 第85期:必要的变更(3)

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The conquest of Greece in the second century BC

在公元前二世纪征服希腊以后

reintroduced Romans to Greek culture, or Hellenism,

罗马重新极大地接触了

in a much greater way. The term Hellenism describes a

希腊文化,或者说叫古希腊文化

culture adapted from the classical Ancient Greeks and

古希腊文化该词指由古典古希腊发源

spread through the Eastern Mediterranean and

并通过马其顿征服者亚历山大大帝

必要的变更.jpg

the Near East by the conquests of one Alexander

传播到东地中海和近东

the Great of Macedonia. Even after Alexander's empire

甚至在亚历山大帝国瓦解后

crumbled, and after the Romans conquered the empires

罗马人政府亚历山大后继者的帝国后

of Alexander's successors, Alexander's Hellenistic ways

亚历山大的古希腊方式和

and customs took root and survived. Roman soldiers

习俗还是生根发芽

who had experienced Hellenistic life came back home

罗马战士经历过古希腊的生活回到家后

describing luxuries on a scale previously unimaginable

描述它的奢华

to a culture steeped in the mos maiorum. Greeks

程度上对于祖制里的文化是不可想象的

reclined at dinner instead of sitting bolt upright,

希腊人斜躺着吃饭,而不是坐得直直狼吞虎咽

Greek homes were comfortable and attractively designed,

希腊人的家很舒适而且设计得很吸引人

Greeks worshipped in huge, beautiful temples and

希腊人崇敬巨大的,美丽的寺庙

attended dramatic performances in giant theaters

喜欢坐在巨大的剧院里看戏剧

were they sat down. Romans were impressed at the

罗马人很惊讶于

attention Greeks paid to their food and to their dress

希腊人对于食物和他们的衣服

and even to their music.To the simple small farmers who

甚至对他们的音乐的热情

grew their own food and wore the clothes their wives

对于那些自己种植食物,穿他老婆们

made for him, the Hellenistic culture of Greece was

为他们做的衣服的小农们,古希腊的文化很

positively dazzling. Educated Romans were impressed

令人惊讶,有教养的罗马人更惊讶于

further by the range of arts and literature and by the

希腊人艺术与文学的类别

scientific advancement of the Greeks. The Romans' own

以及希腊人的科学先进水平

intellectual achievements seemed all of a sudden

罗马人自己的知识成就似乎突然就

rather scanty, and it became a point of Roman pride to

显得稀少不足了,所以在任何可能的时候

match Greek cultural achievements whenever possible.

罗马为了自尊跟希腊文化成就对比竞争

The military achievements of the Greeks, their great

希腊人的军事成就,无论成败

success and great failures, were studied eagerly by

都被罗马军官急切地研究着

Roman generals.Some unusually enlightened Romans,such

一些非常开明的罗马人

as the family of Scipio Africanus, believed that Greek

例如大西庇阿家族,相信

philosophy andthe study of Greek political institutions

希腊哲学和希腊政治制度

could even improve Roman government.

可以甚至改进罗马政府

To this fact we owe the writings of the Greek Polybius

对于这个事实我们有希腊的波利比奥斯

And his study of the Roman constitution,

的作品和他对于罗马宪法的研究

which was written in Greek. It soon became customary

他是用希腊语写的

for wealthy Romans to have their own Greek teachers

很快出现一种习惯,富有的罗马人拥有自己的

and Greek philosophers at home, many of whom were

希腊老师和希腊哲学家在家,很多都是奴隶

still slaves. They preferred slavery in many cases,in a

他们在很多时候宁愿选择在一个富有的

wealthy Roman family, to freedom in their native land.

罗马家庭里做奴隶,也不要在自己国土上的自由

By the first century BC, it had also become customary

到公元前一世纪,习惯变成了

for wealthy young Romans to attend public speaking

富有的年轻罗马人去希腊上公共演讲学校

schools in Greece, taking instruction in Greek and

在希腊得到指导

delivering orations in Greek. They spoke Latin in public life, but often switched to Greek in private. From the second century BC on, to be an educated Roman, one,

并在希腊发表演说,他们在公共生活中说拉丁语,但常常在私下用希腊语从公元前二世纪起要成为一个有教养的罗马人

more and more, now had to be an educated Greek.

越来越多的人必须也成为一个有教养的希腊人

Yet not everyone was uniformly thrilled by this mania for all things Greek. The more traditional Romans referred to Hellenophilia as aemulatio, a term meaning envy of the Greeks. Cato the Censor,

但不是所有人都对这种对希腊所有的狂热感冒更加传统的罗马人把古希腊文化看做是"忌邪之心"表示希腊人的嫉妒

deleter of Carthage, insisted that Hellenism would shatter the mos maiorum and bring the Roman world to its knees.He pretended not to know any Greek himself

监察官加图以及迦太基的扩张者坚持认为古希腊文明会动摇祖制并且使整个罗马世界崩溃他假装不知道任何关于希腊的事情

In one fifty five BC he even ordered that Greek philosophers residing in Rome had to be run out of town

在公元前155年他甚至下令让居住在罗马的希腊哲学家离开

Cato himself protested far too much. He wrote a history of Rome,which drew upon Greek models and Greek sources,

加图他自己并没有特别的反对,他写了罗马的历史,采用了希腊模式和希腊资源

his anti-Hellenism was mainly a political show against the Scipio Africanus family, which embraced Hellenism.

他反对古希腊文化主要是针对欢迎古希腊文化的大西庇奥家族的政治表现

重点单词   查看全部解释    
dramatic [drə'mætik]

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adj. 戏剧性的,引人注目的,给人深刻印象的

联想记忆
pride [praid]

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n. 自豪,骄傲,引以自豪的东西,自尊心
vt

 
enlightened [in'laitnd]

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adj. 被启发的,进步的,文明的 动词enlighte

 
previously ['pri:vju:sli]

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adv. 先前,在此之前

 
instruction [in'strʌkʃən]

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n. 说明,须知,指令,教学

联想记忆
impressed

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adj. 外加的;印象深刻的;了不起的;受感动的

 
range [reindʒ]

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n. 范围,行列,射程,山脉,一系列
v. 排

 
scanty ['skænti]

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adj. 缺乏的,不够的

联想记忆
military ['militəri]

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adj. 军事的
n. 军队

联想记忆
bolt [bəult]

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n. 螺栓,插销,门闩
v. 闩住,插销,(突

 

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