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超级大国的兴衰(视频+MP3+中英字幕) 第89期:必要的变更(7)

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His family at home had to fend for itself, and even if he did make it home in one piece there was no question of receiving a pension. Even though Rome's military was greatly helped by the addition of allied troops, who served under the same lousy conditions, the core of trained Roman citizen soldiers was in danger of falling apart. As mentioned before, the small farmer class was already crumbling under the economic pressure of the latifundia. The optimates who controlled the Senate had proven their determination to stamp out, even kill, any reforms.

他的家庭在家需要自己照料自己即使他完好的回到家,获得养老金即使罗马军队很大程度地得到处于同样破旧情况的盟军帮助受训的罗马公民军队却处在崩溃的边缘正如之前提到的,小农阶级已经在大庄园制的经济压力下摇摇欲坠贵族派控制了元老院,下决心清除甚至扼杀任何改革

必要的变更.jpg

On the other hand, a strong Roman military was becoming even more crucial than it had been in Rome's early robbery years.

另一方面,一只强大的罗马军队相比于罗马早年抢劫的年代变得越来越重要

A century of conquest forced Rome to maintain a

一个世纪的征服强迫罗马保持

permanent military presence in the provinces to forestall rebellions. As mentioned earlier,

在各省份长久的军事存在来拦截反抗者,正如之前所说

Roman promagistrates ruled their provinces like petty kings, with little if any thought for the province's unfortunate inhabitants. Consequently,

罗马资深长官像一个小国王一样统治他们的省份,而对于其中的不幸居民毫不关心

revolts were numerous, often sparked by reactions to the local publicani. Publicani were contractors who

结果是常常由当地收税官引发的反抗不断收税官与政府有约

paid the government for the right to collect taxes in

付给政府金钱以获得某个地区

a certain locality. Since the publicani's profit

收税的权利,因为收税官的利益

depended on how much money they could extort

取决于他们能从一个省份中榨取多少

from a province, they were often very brutal.

他们常常很蛮横不讲道理

The proconsul or propraetor was always willing to back up the local publican for a cut of the take.

地方总督或者地方长官常常愿意支持当地的收税官,以获得分成

This only worsened Rome's reputation with

这只会使罗马的名誉在人们中变得更差

the provincials. Finding enough soldiers to keep

找到足够的战士来保卫和平

the peace had become rather difficult.

变得非常困难

Roman citizens had once considered military service a privilege, not an obligation. No more.

罗马公民曾经认为参加是一项特权而不是义务,但现在不是这样了

The prospect of 20 years spent patrolling dangerous lands in dangerous provinces for minimum pay was a poor recruiting tool. Many small farmers who had somehow survived the establishment of latifundia dodged the draft by abandoning their farms for the city. Even in the city work was hard to find.

20年的前景被用来巡查危险省份的危险用地,获得的工资也很少这并不利于招募战士,很多小农在大庄园制的建立中幸存下来为了逃避入伍他们放弃自己的农场逃亡城市,但甚至在城市工作也很难找到

Most of the skilled craftsmen in the city were themselves slaves. Even the great Roman aristocrats

城市中的大部分手艺精巧的手艺工人都是奴隶,甚至在最伟大的罗马贵族

who wished to glorify Rome's greatness by building great monuments naturally had the work performed by slaves. It was far easier for these poor people,

想要修建巨大的纪念碑来歌颂罗马的伟大时自然也需要奴隶来完成工作对于这些穷人而言,他们曾经是

who had once been the backbone of the Roman state,

罗马国的中坚分子

to find a kindly patron in the city and hang on to

但要在城市中找到一个好心的保护人

him for dear life. Because the Roman aristocracy would not do anything to help the Roman small farmer,

靠他们过上好日子是很困难的,因为罗马贵族不会做任何事来帮助罗马的小农

Roman generals such as Gaius Marius, consul one zero six, one zero four, one zero three, one zero two,

罗马的将军们例如盖约格拉古,公元前106年执政官 104年的 103年的

one zero one, one hundred and eighty seven BC,

102年的 101年的 100和87年的

and his former lieutenant Lucius Cornelius Sulla,

以及他的前任中尉苏拉

consul eighty eight, dictator eighty two to seventy

公元前88年的执政官 82年到79年的

nine BC, had to recruit and pay Roman soldiers

独裁者,都不得不从罗马的底层

from the Roman lower classes.

招募罗马战士,并给他们钱

On the one hand they had no choice, one the other the precedent was disastrous. In one zero seven BC,

一方面他们别无选择,另一方面他们的前例是毁灭性的,公元前107年

Marius recruited Rome's first client army,

马吕斯招募了罗马第一支个人军队

when as consul he took over the war against King Jugurtha of Numidia. Marius recuited military-eligible citizens whenever possible,

执政期间他发动了反对努米底亚国朱古达王的战争马吕斯有机会就招募满足军事要求的公民

but even for a genuine war manpower was hard to find.

但是甚至一个真正的作战人力都很难找到

重点单词   查看全部解释    
collect [kə'lekt]

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v. 收集,聚集
v. 推论

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aristocracy [.æris'tɔkrəsi]

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n. 贵族,贵族阶级

 
patron ['peitrən]

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n. 赞助人,保护人,老主顾

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permanent ['pə:mənənt]

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adj. 永久的,持久的
n. 烫发

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genuine ['dʒenjuin]

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adj. 真正的,真实的,真诚的

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reputation [.repju'teiʃən]

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n. 声誉,好名声

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crucial ['kru:ʃəl]

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adj. 关键的,决定性的

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extort [iks'tɔ:t]

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vt. 勒索,敲诈,强要

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establishment [is'tæbliʃmənt]

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n. 确立,制定,设施,机构,权威

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addition [ə'diʃən]

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n. 增加,附加物,加法

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