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超级大国的兴衰(视频+MP3+中英字幕) 第93期:罗马成长的痛苦(1)

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Dr Joseph Hughes Segment ten A: Introduction.

约瑟夫·休斯博士-第十部分A: 导言

It was the end of the Roman Republic as they knew it,

他们知道罗马共和国就要结束了

but nobody felt fine. War after war, political maneuver

但是所有人心中都不顺畅

after political maneuver, scandal after scandal

一次次的战争,政治操纵和丑闻

the Republic was to burn out rather than fade away.

罗马共和国将耗尽而亡,而不是慢慢消退

The real question was: how would Romans know

关键问题是: 罗马人怎么能

for sure when the Republic was dead and

确切知道共和国几时结束

what would they find to replace it?

以及会用什么来代替它?

罗马成长的痛苦.jpg

In segment ten B: Life During Wartime, Rome refused to

第十部分B: 战时命运,罗马拒绝

grant citizenship to her Italian allies, thereby

给意大利同盟者以公民权,因而引发了

tipping off the utterly avoidable Social War of ninety

完全可以避免的从公元前91年到

one through eighty eight BC. Rome's first real civil

公元前88年的社会公战,这是罗马第一场

war would have lasted longer, were it not for the

真正的内战,如果不是因为公元前88年

murder of eighty thousand Roman nationals in eighty

对8万罗马公民的谋杀,这一场战争可能

eight BC, which took place on one night. There was

会持续更久,那次谋杀在一夜之内完成

no question that Rome had to deal with the instigator,

罗马毫无疑问要对付谋杀的发起者

King Mithridates of Pontus. But first Marius and Sulla

本都国王米特里达提,但首先马略和苏拉

had to fight it out for the privilege of fighting

要决出谁带兵攻打米特里达提

Mithradates. In eight seven BC, Sulla was the first

前87年,苏拉成了第一个

general to march his client army upon Rome.

在罗马建立职业军队的将军

Marius fled, but once Sulla left to fight Mithradates

马略逃跑,但是在苏拉出征攻打米特里达提

he came back and started his own reign of terror with

后他又立即回来,带领他自己的职业军队

his own client army. You get the picture. The era was

开始了他的恐怖统治,这就是当时的形势

also marked by blanket grants of multi-year proconsular

那个时代还大量给地方总督下放统治权

imperium which was needed to wipe out legitimate

因为需要地方权力来清楚合法威胁

threats such as Spartacus or the Pirates but was also

像是斯巴达克思起义和海盗

a breeding ground for the development of dangerous

但是地方权力也成了危险的职业军队

client armies. Segment ten C: The First Triumvirate,

滋生的土壤,第十部分C: 前三头同盟

covers the last full decade of the Roman Republic,

笼罩了罗马共和国最后十年

from 60 BC to 50 BC, when the Roman world was dominated

从前60年到前50年,这段时期罗马世界

by three men, Pompey, Crassus and Caesar. The so-called

被三个人主导,庞培,克拉苏,和凯撒

First Triumvirate was not a legal or even formal

所谓的前三头同盟不是合法的,甚至也不是

arrangement, merely an agreement that Rome's three most

正式的安排,只是这三个在罗马权力最大的人

powerful men would help look out after each other's

之间的协议,是他们互相提醒,保护各自

best interests. The Senate and especially the optimates

利益的手段,元老院和元老们

could only sit and watch and try not to

只能坐视,并提防自己

get killed walking out in the streets.

随时可能被暗杀

Caesar got to raise a client army which he used to

凯撒创建了一支职业军队并用其

conquer Gaul. Pompey got a lucrative command in Spain,

征服了高卢,庞培控制西班牙并从中获利

and Crassus got himself killed trying to conquer

克拉苏在攻克帕提亚时战死

Parthia. Once the triumvirate had shrunk to two men,

三头同盟只剩两头

it became possible for the Senate and the optimates to

元老院就可以联合庞培

win Pompey over and provoke a civil war with Julius

发动与凯撒的内战

Caesar. In segment ten D: Fall of the Roman Republic,

在第十部分D"罗马共和国的覆灭"中

the Roman Republic falls. Caesar killed it by defeating

罗马共和国结束了,凯撒在公元前48年

Pompey in forty eight BC. After two years of mopping up

击败了庞培,同时也断送了罗马共和国

resistance, Cesar confronted the question of how he

经过两年清除反抗势力之后

should reorganize the Roman state. For the first time

凯撒面临着如何重组罗马的问题

in his life, Caesar had run out of ideas. It seemed

凯撒在他人生中第一次没了主意

as though he was trying to establish himself as King of

他似乎是在试图将自己立为罗马国王

Rome. Even though the old Republic had clearly failed,

尽管旧罗马共和国已然失败了,一些玛库斯

some Senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus decided that

尤尼乌斯·布鲁图带领的长老会成员

it was worth another try, and that Caesar had to go.

认为值得付出再一次努力除掉凯撒

重点单词   查看全部解释    
command [kə'mɑ:nd]

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n. 命令,指挥,控制
v. 命令,指挥,支配

联想记忆
arrangement [ə'reindʒmənt]

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n. 安排,商议,整理,布置,商定,[音]改编,改编曲

联想记忆
social ['səuʃəl]

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adj. 社会的,社交的
n. 社交聚会

 
segment ['segmənt]

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n. 部份,瓣,弓形
vt. 分割

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scandal ['skændl]

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n. 丑闻,中伤,反感,耻辱

 
resistance [ri'zistəns]

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n. 抵抗力,反抗,反抗行动;阻力,电阻;反对

联想记忆
merely ['miəli]

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adv. 仅仅,只不过

 
replace [ri(:)'pleis]

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vt. 取代,更换,将物品放回原处

 
conquer [.kɔŋkə]

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vt. 征服,战胜,克服
vi. 得胜

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avoidable [ə'vɔidəbl]

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adj. 可避免的

 

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