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Pompey was beaten at the Battle of Pharsalus in forty eight BC.
他在公元前48年的法尔萨拉斯会战中击败庞培，
In forty seven BC Cleopatra was established as queen of Ancient Egypt
公元前47年克娄巴特拉被立为古埃及女王，
and King Pharnabazus of Pontus was overthrown in forty seven BC.
本都王国国王法那培萨斯于公元前47年被推翻，
The last nest of optimates was cleared out in Africa in forty six BC.
公元前46年，最后一批元老在阿非利加被清除。
Returning to Rome in July forty six, Caesar celebrated four triumphs,
凯撒于46年七月回到罗马，庆祝四项胜利，
Gaul, Egypt, Asia, and Africa, but none over Pompey.
即在高卢，埃及，亚细亚和阿非利亚的胜利，但是没有提及对庞培的胜利。
He assumed a ten-year dictatorship, like Sulla, for the purpose of restoring the republic.
和苏拉一样，他开始了十年的独裁，目的是要恢复共和国。
At this point Caesar still appeared serious about maintaining the old Republican political institutions.
这时候凯撒似乎还是认真地想保持原来的共和国政治体制。
He helped campaign for magistrates, and encouraged young nobles, such as young Marcus Junius Brutus,
他帮助治安官竞选，鼓励像玛库斯·尤尼乌斯·布鲁图这样的年轻贵族，
to consider careers in public affairs.
参与政治事务。
But in forty five BC, Pompey's two surviving sons stirred up a Spanish rebellion,
但是公元前45年，庞培的两个活下来的儿子在西班牙发动叛乱，
forcing Caesar to go there and stamp the rebellion out.
使凯撒不得不前往镇压叛乱，
It is likely that the experience led Caesar to think the Republic really couldn't be fixed.
很有可能是这一次经历使凯撒意识到共和国体制真的修复不了了，
If Caesar's old enemies were bound and determined to get back at him,
如果凯撒以前的敌人还决心要报复他，
there was no point in his pretending to share power with anyone else.
那他假装是在和别人分享权力就没有任何意义了。
On his return from Spain Caesar was a different man.
从西班牙回来时凯撒的想法已经彻底改变
He now worked hard to secure his supreme authority in the Roman state.
自那开始他尽力稳固自己在罗马的最高统治权，
The popular assembly, which had always been on his side,
公民大会一直站在他的一边，
piled honor after honor on him, such as the right to use the title Imperator as his first name,
这时开始给他一个又一个荣誉比如可以用皇帝作为名号，
lifetime tribunician power complete with veto
不可复决的终生保民官权力
and the establishment of a formal religious cult around his genius or guardian spirit.
还围绕他的保护神创立了正式宗教膜拜仪式，
Caesar packed the Senate with his supporters, doubling it in size,
凯撒用自己的支持者组成元老院，将元老院人数加倍
and he rigged the annual elections for five years in advance.
并且提前五年操纵每年一度的选举。
His excuse for this breach of the mos maiorum was his planned campaign against the Parthian Empire,
他允许这些违背社会惯例的行为是他征战帕提亚帝国的计划的一部分，
finishing the job that Crassus had so ineptly begun.
他想要完成克拉苏毫无策略地开始的事业。
He expected to be gone for a while and he had to make sure that Rome would remain secure in his absence.
他预计自己会外出一段时间，得确保在他不在期间罗马能保持稳定，
Early in forty four BC, coinage appeared portraying Caesar as dictator for life.
公元前44年初，出现了将凯撒描绘成终生独裁者的货币
At the Lupercalia festival in mid-February,
在二月15日的牧神节，
Mark Antony suddenly appeared with a crown which he tried to put on Caesar's head.
马克·安东尼突然带着一顶皇冠到来想给凯撒戴上，
Sensing a bad vibe, Caesar refused the offer,
凯撒感到气氛不太对头，拒绝了这一请求，
but at least he seemed interested in being the real king of Rome.
但他至少表现出了真的想当罗马国王的意思，
The few remaining optimates certainly saw it that way.
剩下为数不多的几个原来的元老肯定是这样以为的。
And if that wasn't bad enough, Caesar's mistress, Queen Cleopatra of Ancient Egypt,
如果这还不够糟糕的话，凯撒的情人古罗马女王克娄巴特拉
moved in to Caesar's house, along with their infant son Caesarion or Little Caesar.
搬到了凯撒家中带着他们还是婴儿的儿子小凯撒。
It seemed as though Caesar was laughing not only at the state but at the entire mos maiorum.
凯撒看起来不仅是在嘲弄罗马还在嘲弄整套社会惯例。
