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Segment 11a Introduction
11章A:简介
Most important of Rome's legacies to the Western World is the Pax Romano,
对西方世界来说，罗马最重要的遗产在于罗马和平，
two and a half centuries of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world lasting from 31 BC to 235 AD.
从公元前31年至公元235年，地中海地区持续250年左右的和平与繁荣。
Once the emperor formerly known as Octavian,
曾经它的皇帝被人称为屋大维，
that is to say Augustus Caesar,
也就是奥古斯都·恺撒，
brought lasting peace to Italy, Roman manpower and Roman resources could be used to stabilize the borders.
为意大利带来了长期的和平，罗马的人力和罗马的资源帮助其稳固了边界。
With the border stabilized the Romans' strengthened their empire not through force but through good government.
稳固边界后，罗马人巩固了自己的帝国不是通过武力，而是通过良好的统治。
Despite the wide range of peoples and cultures through out the roman world
尽管罗马世界有很多不同的人种与文化，
the Pax Romano was almost a total win-win situation for everyone,
但是罗马和平对每一个人来说几乎都是一种双赢的局面，
Romans, Italians and Provincials alike.
罗马人 意大利人和外省人都是相似的。
The basis in turn of the Pax Romano was a groundbreaking style of government invented by Octavian,
罗马和平的基础在于屋大维创造的开创性的管理模式，
called the Principate.
叫做元首统治。
In segment 11b Augustus and the Principate,
11章B 奥古斯都和元首统治，
we traced the rise of young Gaius Octavius later known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus,
我们来追溯屋大维的崛起历程，后人称他为盖乌斯·屋大维，
but best know as Imperator Augustus Caesar.
但是最为人所知的还是奥古斯都凯撒皇帝。
Rome's second founder was not squeamish about the methods he employed to achieve supreme power.
罗马的第二代创始人所采用的实现最高权力的方法令人舒服。
But the result was stability at home and peace throughout the roman world.
但是结果是带来了罗马的稳定与罗马世界的和平。
Augustus' great invention was the Principate,
奥古斯都最伟大的发明在于元首制，
rule by the Princeps, or the first man.
由元首或最高领导人执行统治。
This style of government paid lip service to the values of the Mos Majorum
这种政府形式使得共和宪法成为一纸空谈，
and the Republican Constitution while safely keeping all power in Augustus' hands,
而把权力都集中在奥古斯都手中，
a disguised military tyranny.
掩盖了军阀暴政本质的。
Augustus' Principate relied for its success on two factors,
奥古斯都元首统治的成功依靠两点
first all the levers of power were in Augustus' hand, including the huge army.
首先奥古斯都集所有权利于一身，包括庞大的军队。
The second was Augustus' charismatic personality and high prestige as the saviour of Rome.
其次是奥古斯都超凡的品格和充当罗马救世主的极高威望。
The first of these, the army could be handed down to a successor as Princeps
第一点 军队可以由下一任的元首继承，
but the second could not.
但是第二点不可以。
Segment 11c, Roman propaganda shows how Augustus enhanced the success of his Principate by promoting himself through skillful propaganda,
11章C 罗马宣传显示了奥古斯都是如何通过技巧性的宣传自己巩固自己的成功的。
and we will look at some of this propaganda and we will see how Augustus himself viewed Roman virtues.
我们可以来思考一些宣传策略，可以看出奥古斯都本人是如何看待罗马道德的。
And we will see how he envisioned Rome's mission to the world.
我们也可以看出他是如何把罗马的使命扩展到全世界的。
Repellent and absurd as it seems to modern tastes some ancient peoples the Egyptians
对于现代人来说，古代的一些人物，
for example wanted and expected to be ruled by a King who was also a God.
比如埃及人希望能够被国王或者说是神来领导的想法是荒谬无法理解的。
