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In this early period actually, the states legislature in most of the states shows the electors
事实上在建国初期，选举人是由州的立法机关指定的
and that wasn't it was only the popular voting for the electors in a few states and actually up until to the1830s
只有几个州的选举人是由普选产生的，这种情况持续到1830年左右
that was changing all the time
选拔方式一直在变
different states sometimes would have a popular election for the electors and then switch back
有些州曾实施普选选举人制度但后来又改了
South Carolina didn't do it until after the civil war
南卡罗来纳一直没有实现普选，直到南北战争之后
but basically by the 1830s you do get popular voting for the electors
但事实上1830之后，选举人基本上均由普选产生
and also by that time, you got good county level data
也是从那时起，开始有记录好的县级统计数据
earlier than that a lot of returns would lose. we just don't have it
在那之前的统计数据都丢失了，已经找不到了
and one thing I should mention too is a book that I wish I could have everybody buy
还有件事情要说，有本书我希望你们都能买
I wish I could show the overheads
希望你们能接受这点额外开支
"Historical Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections" by J. Clark Archer and several other geographers
这本书是《美国总统大选历史地图集》，作者是卡拉克阿切尔以及其它几个地理学家
and this has county level maps all the way back
这边书里有所有大选的县级地图
it's by far the most comprehensive source
这里面的资料是最全的了
it's about 150$. I don't wanna have people buy it and of course these are a copyrighted maps, so I can't show them to you
定价约150美金，我本身也不想你们买这本书，但书里的地图都是受版权保护的，我不能用里面的地图上课
but if you get down into the county level that's the place to go and I highly recommended
但如果要了解县级数据，这本书是应该被强烈推荐的
so anyway, Washington, sort of the unanimous of all the states at the time
回到我们的课，华盛顿是当时所有州一致的选择
Washington didn't want to see parties emerging
他本人不希望有党派出现
He didn't want factionalism but of course factionalism emerged and it actually was emerging in his two terms
他厌恶政党政治，但它无疑还是出现了，而且在他的任期内就已出现
emerging among the members of his cabinet with John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
出现在他的内阁成员当中，各由亚当斯和汉密尔顿带头
