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So if you sort of look at Tesla or Space X you ask, you know, was there sort of single breakthrough?
看看特斯拉和SpaceX这样的公司，思考一下，它们的技术突破很单一吗？
They certainly innovated on a lot of dimensions.
它们在很多个方面都进行创新
I don't think there was a single tennex breakthrough and battery storage,
我不认为它们在改进电池容量方面有巨大突破
or you know, maybe working on some things in rocketry.
或是在火箭技术的某方面有巨大突破
But they hadn't, there was no sort of single massive breakthrough,
它们在单一领域没有巨大的突破
but what was really impressive was integrating all these pieces together, and doing it in a way
不过他们很善于把各方面的创新整合起来
that was more vertically integrated than most of their competitors.
并且垂直整合的能力比其他竞争者都高
So, Tesla, you also integrated the car distributors, so they wouldn't steal all the money,
特斯拉整合了汽车分销商，节省了不必要的浪费
as has happened with the rest of the car industry in the US.
之前这种浪费在美国的汽车领域经常发生
Or SpaceX, you basically pulled in all the subcontractors
SpaceX拉拢了所有的转包商
where most of the large aerospace companies have single source subcontractors
与此不同的是，其他航空公司通常只选择一家转包商
that are able to sort of charge monopoly profits,
转包商就会形成垄断，控制利润
and make it very hard for the integrated aerospace companies to make money.
这样就使得这些航空公司很难赚到钱
And so vertical integration I think is sort of a very under explored modality of technological progress,
因此我想，垂直整合对于技术进步的意义还没有被充分重视
that people would do well to look at more.
如果人们意识到这一点，会做的更好
And then I think there is, there is something about software itself that's very, very powerful.
对于软件来说，我想有一点是特别具有优势的
Software has these incredible economies of scale,
软件具有极大的规模经济
these low marginal costs and there is something about the world of bits, as opposed to the world of atoms,
很低的边际成本，这是数字世界与传统世界的对决
where you can often get very fast adoption.
软件可以很快地进行普及
And, and the fast adoption is critical to capturing and taking over markets because even if you have a small market
这对于占领市场是很重要的，因为即使你进入的是一个小市场
if the adoption rate is too slow, there'll be enough time for other people to enter that market, and compete with you.
如果普及太慢的话，其他竞争对手就会有时间进入市场和你竞争
