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Have you ever been snacking on some sashimi and paused to wonder: why do we eat raw fish but not raw chicken?
你是否曾经在吃生鱼片的时候突然会想：为什么我们能吃生鱼却不吃生鸡肉呢？
Really, eating any kind of raw meat comes with some health risk to humans, depending on how it was slaughtered, stored, and prepared.
事实上吃任何未熟的肉都有可能有健康风险，这取决于生肉是如何屠宰、储存和加工。
But some are more iffy than others, because different animals have different microbes and parasites inside them,
但有一些生肉风险会更高，因为不同的动物体内有着不同的微生物和寄生虫，
some of which are really nasty to humans. Fish is on the safer end of the spectrum.
它们某些对人类的危害确实严重。鱼则是这些动物中较安全的一种。
It doesn't usually carry bacteria that are harmful to humans, but we do have to watch out for parasitic worm larvae like, roundworms, tapeworms, or flukes.
鱼通常不携带对人类有害的细菌，但我们确实会发现一些寄生幼虫，比如蛔虫、绦虫或吸虫。
If you eat infected raw fish, the larvae will mature into worms that can latch onto organs and cause some serious damage.
如果你吃了受感染的生鱼肉，幼虫将会在你体内成熟并侵入你的器官，造成严重的危害。
Sometimes fish is frozen for storage, and if it's cold enough, any parasites or bacteria hanging around will die.
有时为了保存而将鱼冰冻，只要温度够低，任何寄生虫和细菌都会死亡。
But cooking fish is the best way to make sure that all of the infectious is gone.
但是将鱼煮熟是确保鱼没有感染能力的最好方法。
But if your sushi comes from a clean, reputable kitchen, it's probably safe to eat. Now, what about other meats, like beef, chicken, and pork?
只要你的寿司来源干净卫生的厨房，一般就不会有什么大问题。但其他那些牛肉、鸡肉和猪肉之类的肉类呢？
The bacteria that live in these animals, like strains of Salmonella and E. coli, tend to be more dangerous to humans than any that live in fish.
在这些动物身上存活的细菌，如沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌，比起鱼身上的细菌它们对人类的危害更大。
Many harmful microbes live in cattle guts, not the muscle where we get cuts of steak.
许多有危害的微生物一般存活在家畜内脏里而不是我们食用的肌肉部分。
But beef can be contaminated if a butcher punctures the digestive tract. So steaks might have bacteria on the surface.
但如果屠宰场的屠夫穿刺了牛的消化道，那么它极有可能会被感染。所以肉类表面可能会附有细菌。
Usually a good, hot sear is enough to kill off anything infectious, and leaving the inside red is fine, because it's sterile in there.
通常高温足以杀死任何感染物，其余体内剩下的则没有问题，因为它们没有生存的条件了。
Ground beef is more treacherous, because any germs living on the surface of the meat get mixed inside.
绞碎的牛肉会更危险，因为肉质表面的细菌完全混合其中。
Plus, it tends to contain meat from multiple animals, so one contaminated cow means bad news for an entire batch of ground beef.
此外，碎末中也会含有多种动物的肉，所以将一头被感染的牛绞碎，这真是件坏事。
That's why you should probably not order totally rare hamburgers -- they should be cooked all the way through.
这也是为什么你不应该点半熟汉堡的原因——因为它们应该被彻底的加工煮熟。
The meats firmly on the dangerous-when-raw list are chicken and pork, which might be carrying even more harmful microbes than beef.
当生鸡肉和生猪肉在一起时，那是相当的危险，它们所携带的有害细菌完全超过了牛肉。
Infectious, diarrhea-causing Campylobacter strains can live in chicken guts.
有感染能力且能造成腹泻的弯曲杆菌一般成株地存活在鸡内脏中。
And the crowded, dirty conditions at many chicken farms mean that lots of raw chicken may be contaminated.
拥挤肮脏的鸡圈意味着大部分的生鸡肉可能会被污染。
Pigs, on the other hand, have historically harbored the parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis, although modern farming practices mostly prevent it from spreading.
另一方面，猪身上通常含有旋毛寄生虫，虽然现代农场科技通常可以阻止它的传播。
The larvae form cysts inside the muscle tissue of pigs, so if you eat infected, undercooked pork, some worms will make a home in your guts.
猪的肌肉组织中可能会含有幼虫，所以如果你吃了被感染又没煮熟的猪肉，可能就会有一些幼虫寄生在你的内脏中。
So sushi and rare steaks can be delicious when they're prepared safely, but you should always pass on the pork tartare.
所以，加工安全的寿司和半熟牛排吃起来会很美味，但你在吃鞑靼猪肉时应该密切注意。
Thanks for asking, and thank you especially to all of our patrons on Patreon who keep these answers coming.
感谢在Partreon上支持我们的小伙伴，也感谢那些向我们提问和回答的小伙伴。
If you'd like to submit questions to be answered, or get videos a few days earlier, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你有任何问题或其他影视资料想要给我们，请登录patreon.com/scishow。
And don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishow and subscribe!
不要忘了去youtube.com/scishow给我们留言哦！
