过去完成时

过去完成时 (The Past Perfect Tense)：表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。

基本句型

①肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词
②否定句：主语+had+not+done
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+done 肯定回答：Yes, I had. 否定回答：No, I hadn't.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）
⑤被动时态：主语+had(not) +been+动词过去分词+其他
例句：1. Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友。
2. I didn't know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
3. He said that he had known her well.
他说，他很了解她。
4. I thought I had sent the letter a week before
我以为前一周我寄了那封信的。
5. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到英国后，他努力提高他的英语水平。
6. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
当我醒来时，雨已经停了。
7. We had hoped to be able to come and see you
我们希望能被允许来看你。
8. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year
这是他那一年第三次失业。
9. I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night
到昨晚9点钟，我已经读完这本小说。

如何判定过去完成时？

1. 由时间状语来判定：

一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
(1) by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
昨晚九点我已看完这本小说了。
(2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了二千多个英语单词。
(3) before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上星期三之前，他们已经种了六百棵树了。

2. 由“过去的过去”来判定：

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
(1) 宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
她说她已经看过这部电影了。
(2) 状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
如：
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
做完作业后，他上床睡觉了。
(3) 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
我们原本希望你来，但你没有来。
注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
他关上了门，离开了教室。

3. 根据上、下文来判定：

I met Lao Wang in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
我昨天在街上遇见了老王。自从他去北京，我们都没有见过面。