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Hi, my name is Emma, and today we are going to talk about a very important topic, we're going to do a vocabulary lesson on "disability."So what is a disability?
大家好，我是艾玛，今天我们将讨论一个重要的话题，是关于“残疾”的词汇课。什么是残疾？
Well, a disability is a physical or mental impairment that limits a person.
残疾是限制人行为的一种身体或精神缺陷。
So, it's a limitation that can limit a person in one or more major life activities.
这个限制会造成个人在一个或多个主要生活活动中有所限制。
So. Pretty much the reason why we need to talk about disability, is because currently in the world according to the World Health Organization,
因此。有一个原因可以很好地解释我们为何讨论残疾，因为从世界卫生组织了解到，
there are over 1 billion people who have a disability.
目前全球有十亿人患有残疾。
So that's a large number that's about fifteen percent of the world's population.
世界人口总数的百分之十五，这个数字很可观。
So you may have a friend who has a disability, maybe your parents have a disability,
因此可能你有一个朋友存在残疾，也许你的父母有残疾，
you might have...there might be a family member, friend of yours who has a disability, or yourself might have a disability.
也许是你的家人、朋友有残疾，再或者你自己就有残疾。
So in Western culture, in North America especially, the way we talk about disability has changed over the years.
在西方文化里，尤其是美国北部地区，这些年我们讨论残疾的方式变了。
People are very sensitive when they talk about disability.
人们在讨论残疾的时候非常的敏感。
So you need to be careful of the words you use, because you don't want to offend someone.
所以你在用词的时候要小心，因为你并不想冒犯对方。
Now one thing to note about the language we use when we talk about disability is, that it's constantly changing.
有一点需要注意的是，我们谈到的关于残疾这个词的用语是经常改变的。
So what might have been acceptable 40 years ago is no longer acceptable today.
有可能40年前能接受的用词今天已经不再能接受了。
So you constantly have to look and see if these words are still the acceptable words.
所以你需要经常看看这些词是否还能接受。
But currently as of now this is the best, these are the best ways to talk about disability.
但目前来说这是最好的，这是谈论残疾最好的方式。
Ok, so let's get started, so I already told you what a disability is.
好了，我们开始吧。我已经准备好谈论什么是残疾这个词了。
I have a list here of acceptable words, so those are ok to use.I have examples using those words.
我这里列了一个表，包括可用的，这些可以使用。我有示范这些词的使用。
And then I have unacceptable words, so these are words you should not use.
当然还有禁用的单词，你最好不要使用这些单词。
If you use these words, you will probably offend somebody.
如果你用了这些词，你很可能会冒犯对方。
This is also very important if you work in business, because you really have to be careful with the way you talk to your clientele.
在工作中这些用词也是非常重要的，因为在跟客户谈话的时候你真的需要很小心，
You definitely do not want to use any of these words.Alright, so let's get started.
你绝不希望使用这些词。好了，我们开始吧。
So when we talk about disability, we refer to the person with the disability, as a person with a disability, or we can also use the adjective disabled.
当我们讨论残疾的时候，我们更倾向于说这个人有残疾，"a person with a disability"（这个人有残疾），我们也可以使用“disabled”（残疾）这个形容词。
So for example, fifteen percent of the world's population has a disability.So in this case disability is a noun.
比如说，全球百分之十五的人口有“disability”（残疾）。这种情况下“disability”（残疾）是名词。
Now when we talk about disability, it's good to always think people first, so instead of defining somebody by their disability.
好，我们在讨论“disability”（残疾）时，以人为出发点而不是通过残疾来定义某人的方式很好。
It's good to use the person first (with a blank) , that's always a good general role.
使用“person”在前的表达方法很好（空格），这是很不错的人物描述。
So fifteen percent of the world's population has a disability, you could also say fifteen percent of the world's population is disabled.
“fifteen percent of the world's population has a disability”（全球百分之十五的人口有残疾），你也可以说“fifteen percent of the world's population is disabled”（全球百分之十五的人有残疾）。
Now what are words you shouldn't use?Handicapped this used to be a popular word, but it's no longer in use.
现在来说说什么单词你不应该用呢？过去常使用“Handicapped”（残疾）这个词，但现在并不适用了。
Cripple, that is a very offensive word and special.
这个“Cripple”（残疾）词带有无礼和特殊性。
I don't know if you've ever heard that it's a euphemism that is also no longer used.
不知道你是否听过这个委婉语，但它也过时了。
Ok, next we have types of disabilities.So one type of disability is to be blind.
好，接下来我们来说一下残疾的类型。有一种残疾是失明。
What does this mean? it means you can't see.So blind people their sense of sight has been affected.
这意味什么？这意味着你看不到东西。所以盲人的视觉是受到影响的。
So blind is an adjective.Like I said before, you can also say a person with blindness.
“blind”（失明）是个形容词。如我之前所说，你可以说“a person with blindness”（这个人失明）。
Now the thing about blindness is there are different levels.Some people are completely blind, for them you would use this.
关于失明，它分为多个级别。有些人是完全失明，对于他们你可以使用“blind”（失明）这个词。
Other people are sort of on a range, they can see a little bit, but they have vision problems.
有些人是有一定程度，他们能看到一点，但他们有视力问题。
So this is what we refer to as visually impaired.So this is an adjective, again.
因此我们更愿意说这是视力受损。这是一个形容词。我们再说一遍。
So somebody who is visually impaired can see a little, but they can 't see perfectly, they have some problem with their vision.
视力受损的人可以看到一点，但他们不能看的很清晰，他们有一些视力问题。
So for example, my aunt is visually impaired.If my aunt was blind, i could say my aunt is blind.
比如说我姑姑“visually impaired”（视力受损）。如果她是“blind”（盲人），我可以说，我姑姑“blind”（失明）。
Now unacceptable words is when we talk about a group of people who are blind, you shouldn't call them the blind.
现在说下禁用词，我们在讨论盲人群体的时候，不要叫他们“the blind”（盲人）。
So groups of people who are blind don't call the blind, you call them people who are blind.
不要称呼盲人群体“the blind”（盲人），要说他们"people who are blind"（失明的人）。
So when you refer to them as a group, refer to them as people who are blind.
因此当你指代他们为一个群体时，最好说“people who are blind”（失明的人）。
All right next, deaf. So someone who is deaf cannot hear, they have hearing problems.
好，下一个词，失聪。失聪的人听不到，他们有听力问题。
Again, just like blindness, there are different degrees.So some people cannot hear a thing, there are born deaf.
再说一遍，就像说盲人有不同程度的视力问题。有些失聪的人天生就听不到。
Other people can hear a little bit that have hearing problems. These people are called hearing impaired.
有些人是听力问题，能听到一点。这些人被称为是听力受损。
So the hearing impaired or you could say they have a hearing impairment.
因此，“hearing impaired”（听力受损）的人你可以说他们有“hearing impairment”（听力障碍）。
She is hearing impaired. She has a hearing impairment.What you shouldn't use, again.Just like you shouldn't use the blind.
她听力受损。她有听力障碍。再说一遍禁用的。就像刚才说到的讨论盲人群体时不要用“the blind”。
When you're talking about a group of blind people. You shouldn't call a group of deaf, people the deaf, instead it's better to say people who are deaf.
当你讨论聋人群体时候，最好用“people who are deaf”（失聪的人）来说，而不是“a group of deaf”（这群聋人）“the deaf”（聋人）。
Alright, so now we're going to talk about a couple of disabilities.Mobility disability.What does mobility disability mean?
好了，我们来讨论另一种残疾。移动障碍。什么是移动性障碍？
Well, mobility has to do with movement.A mobility disability therefore means you have problems with movement.
移动性是指行动。因此移动障碍就是指行动障碍。
So for example, some people when they're born, they can't use their legs, this would be a mobility disability.
比如说，一些人天生不会用双腿走路，这就是移动障碍。
Other people who use wheelchairs, they usually have a mobility disability, they can't walk.
一些人使用轮椅，通常是他们有移动障碍，不能走。
Sometimes people are in car accidents and they become paraplegic, they have a mobility disability.So let's look at some examples.
有时是因为车祸导致他们瘫痪，造成了移动障碍。我们来看下例子。
Stephen Hawking a famous scientist has a mobility disability, he uses a wheelchair.
著名科学家史蒂芬·霍克有移动障碍，他使用轮椅。
So when we talk about wheelchairs, this is another important point. We don't say someone is wheelchair-bound, never say that.
这是另一个重点，在讨论轮椅时，永远不要说这人“wheelchair-bound”（坐轮椅）。
We say or confined to a wheelchair, we say somebody uses a wheelchair.
我们在说被困在轮椅上时，要说这人“uses a wheelchair”（用轮椅）。
So Stephen Hawking uses a wheelchair because he has a mobility disability.Now what are some unacceptable words.So words you shouldn't use.
因此，史蒂芬·霍克使用轮椅因为他有移动障碍。现在来看禁用词。下面是禁用词。
Deformed, that is a very offensive production and use. Lame. Maimed. These are three words you really should not use,
“Deformed”（畸形）、“Lame”（瘸子）、“Maimed”（残废）这些词非常没有礼貌。
it will have repercussions the consequences, if you use these words.
千万不要使用这词，否则后果不堪设想。
Next developmentally disabled or an intellectual disability.
下一个词发育迟缓或智力障碍。
So somebody who is developmentally disabled, usually at birth has some sort of mental limitation.So they're born with some sort of mental problem.
有发育迟缓的人通常是天生的智力障碍。他们生来就有智力问题。
Same with an intellectual disability, sometimes that's a learning disability, you have problems when it comes to learning.So let's look at some examples.
智力障碍有时就是认知障碍，在学习方面存在问题。我们来看几个例子。
Parents of developmentally disabled kids need more support, so developmentally disabled this is an adjective.
患有发育障碍孩子的家长需要更多帮助，“developmentally disabled”（发育障碍）这个词就是形容词。
Anytime we use the word disabled, it's going to be an adjective, while disability is a noun, so you are disabled, you have a disability.
任何我们在使用“disabled”（残疾）时，都要使用形容词，而“disability”是名词，所以是你是“disabled”（残疾）你有“disability”（残疾）。
Now here are some unacceptable words you might hear them in pop culture, references. So sometimes you might hear them in movies and comedies, but they are offensive.
可能下面的这些禁用词你在流行文化、书籍中听过，也可能在电影、戏剧里面听过，但这些词都很不礼貌。
So if you use them some people might get offended.The first one is retarded.
当你用这些词的时候，很可能会惹人生气。第一个词是“retarded”（智力迟钝）。
The second one is mentally challenged.So try to avoid using these words. Developmental disability is a lot better.
第二个词是“mentally challenged”（智力障碍）。尽量避免使用这些词，用“developmental disability”（发育障碍）更好些。
Finally we have non vocal person.We're sorry non-vocal (comma) , for a person who is nonverbal.
最后我们来说人的名词。抱歉是非语言交际（逗号），说人就是非语言交际的人。
So what do I mean by this, somebody who is non-vocal can't talk.Sometimes this is because they are deaf and they can't hear as well.
我的意思就是，非语言交际的人就是不会说话的人。有些是因为他们是聋人，他们听不到。
Other times it might be some sort of psychological illness, or some sort of developmental disability as well.
有些可能是患有心理疾病，或者是发育障碍。
So an example, Helen Keller was non-vocal, or Helen Keller was nonverbal, both are correct.
比如说“Helen Keller was non-vocal”（海伦·凯勒就是非语言交际的人），或是说“Helen Keller was nonverbal”（海伦·凯勒是非语言交际的人），这两种说法都对。
What you should not use is mute or dumb.These are outdated terms that people don't use anymore, and they are also offensive.
不要使用“mute”或“dumb”（哑巴）词汇。这些词早已过时，大家已经不再使用了，而且还会惹人生气。
Learning disability.So there are many different types of learning disabilities.What is a learning disability?
下一个词学习障碍。学习障碍有很多类型。什么是学习障碍？
Well it's some sort of limitation or additional challenge that makes it difficult to learn in some way.
就是指在学习的时候受到一定程度限制或者额外的挑战，给学习增加难度。
So for some people this might be dyslexia, where they have problems are reading words on a piece of paper.
因此有些人可能是有阅读障碍，也许是阅读纸上的文字出现问题。
For other people it might be discalculer, where they have problems learning math.So as an example.
有些人可能是不会合算，他们在学习数学时候会出现问题。举个例子。
A lot of people don't know this, but Tom Cruise has a learning disability.He's dyslexic. He has a learning disability.
很多人不知道汤姆·克鲁斯有学习障碍。他是阅读障碍患者，他患有阅读障碍。
So words we no longer use, when we talk about learning disability disabilities are slow and special.
我们在讨论学习障碍时候不要说“slow”（迟钝）和“special”（特殊），这些词我们已经不用了。
We don't say: Oh! Tom Cruise is slow, when we're talking about his ability to learn.
我们在说汤姆·克鲁斯学习能力的时候，我们不会说他迟钝。
You might say that when you're talking about how he walks, but when it comes to talking about learning, you don't say somebody is slow,
你可以讨论一个人的走路用慢，但说到学习时，不要说人迟钝。
You also don't say somebody is special like I said earlier.
就像我之前说的，也不要说人特殊。
Last but not least, mental illness and psychiatric disabilities.So both of these are noun.
最后同样重要的是精神疾病和精神障碍。这些都是名词。
And as I said before, you can turn any of these nouns of disability in to adjectives, you could say disabled.
正如我之前所说，你可以把这些残疾的名词转化为形容词，你可以说“disabled”（残疾）的。
So somebody who has a mental illness, psychiatric or a psychiatric disability, they're the same thing.He has some sort of a mental health issue.
所以一个人有精神疾病，精神病或精神障碍这是同一个事。他有一些心理健康问题。
So in the past, we used to use terms like crazy, insane, lunatic, mental.
我们过去常使用“crazy”（疯子）、“insane”（愚蠢）、“lunatic”（疯子）、“mental”（神经病）这样的措辞。
We don't use those when we're talking about somebody who has a mental health issue anymore.
在讨论某人心理健康问题时，我们不再使用这些词语。
So instead we use psychiatric disability or mental illness.
取而代之的是，我们使用“psychiatric disability”（精神障碍）或“mental illness”（精神疾病）这样的措辞。
Van Gogh, who was a famous painter had a psychiatric disability. I think he had schizophrenia.So a psychiatric disability.So again.
著名的画家梵高就有精神疾病，我认为他患有精神分裂症。这就是精神疾病这个词。再说一遍。
These words often times we use them in slang. So we might say all that's insane, or that's crazy.
俚语中我们常使用这些词，我们可以说这很愚蠢，这很疯狂。
That's okay, you can use them in slang, but don't call somebody who actually has a disability, crazy, insane, lunatic or mental.
没关系，你可以在俚语中使用它们，但不要说有残疾的人是“crazy”（疯子）、“insane”（愚蠢）、“lunatic”（疯子）、“mental”（神经病）。
All right, well, again, I want to stress the importance of these words.
好吧，再说一遍，我想强调这些词的重要性。
Because if you call somebody crazy, if you call somebody retarded, slow, if you call somebody dumb, stupid. It's very very offensive and it could get you in trouble at work.
因为如果你说一个人“crazy”（疯子）、“retarded”弱智、“slow”（迟钝）、“dumb”（哑巴）、“stupid”（愚蠢），这非常无礼，还可能会给你的工作带来麻烦。
So in the West, we are very sensitive when it comes to talking about disability.
所以，在西方，我们要讨论残疾时会非常谨慎。
So you have to be careful with the words you use.
因此你在用词时也要多加小心。
So if you would like to learn more about this, or to practice these terms in our quiz. Come visit us at www. engvid. com.Until next time.
想学习了解更多，可以用我们的测试练习这些措辞，欢迎访问我们的网站www.engvid. com。我们下期再见。
