【视频讲解】

Sometimes a snout full of snot can be just what the doctor ordered. At least if you're a dolphin. Because a new study shows that a little bit of mucus helps these marine mammals generate the rapid-fire stream of clicks they emit and use for echolocation.
如果你是一只海豚，医生会要求你鼻子里充满鼻涕。因为一项新研究表明，一点粘液有助于这些海洋哺乳动物发出急速连续的咔哒声并利用回声进行定位。
Snout (动物的)长鼻子
Two alligators rest their snouts on the water's surface.
两只鳄鱼把它们的大嘴栖息在水面上。
Snot 鼻涕
Mucus (身体分泌的) 黏液
...the thin layer of mucus that helps protect the delicate lining of the rectum.
有助于保护娇嫩的直肠内壁的那层薄薄的黏液。
rapid-fire
1. 语速极快的; 连珠炮似的
Joe listened to their sophisticated, rapid-fire conversation.
乔听了他们老练的、连珠炮似的对话。
2. (经济活动或发展)迅猛的; 迅速的
...the rapid-fire buying and selling of stocks.
..股票的快速买进卖出。
Echolocation
回声定位
Most bats navigate by echolocation.
大多数蝙蝠通过回声定位飞行。

First off, let's just get this out of the way. Dolphins do not actually sound like this. [Flipper laugh sound] That's a made-for-TV giggle that some say is actually the doctored call of a bird: the Australian kookaburra.
首先，我们要说明一下。海豚实际上并不会发出这样的声音。（海豚飞宝的笑声）这种咯咯的笑声出自一部电视电影，有人说那实际上是用澳大利亚笑翠鸟的叫声伪造的。
get sth out of the way 解释清楚
Giggle 咯咯地笑
Both girls began to giggle.
两个女孩都咯咯地笑起来。
Doctor 窜改
They doctored the prints, deepening the lines to make her look as awful as possible.
他们窜改了照片，加深皱纹使她尽可能地难看。
Kookaburra 笑翠鸟

Real dolphins, like these bottlenoses, sound more like this. [Bottlenose sounds] They use their clicks, chirps and whistles to navigate, communicate and to catch their next meal. The high-frequency clicks, in particular, help Flipper and his kind locate and track fish dinners.
真正的海豚，像这些宽吻海豚，它们的声音听起来更像这样。（宽吻海豚的声音）它们通过发出的咔哒声、啾啾声和口哨声来进行导航、交流和捕食。尤其高频咔哒声可以帮助海豚飞宝和它的同类进行定位，追踪用作晚餐的鱼类。,
Bottlenoses 大鼻子
Click 咔嚓声
Chirp 虫鸣; 鸟叫
The crickets chirped faster and louder.
蟋蟀叫得越来越快，越来越响。
Whistle
1. 鸣汽笛; (水开时水壶) 发出尖啸声
2. (尤指向当局) 揭发
Companies should protect employees who blow the whistle on dishonest workmates and work practices.
公司应该保护那些揭发不诚实的同事和不良工作行为的员工。

Dolphins make these sounds by forcing air through a nasal passage just beneath the blowhole. In this nasal region are liplike flaps of tissue called dorsal bursae that vibrate and collide to produce dolphin talk.
海豚迫使空气穿过气孔之下的鼻道制造出声音。海豚的鼻区有被称为背侧黏液囊的唇形片状瓣膜，通过振动和碰撞让海豚能够“讲话”。
Nasal 与鼻子有关的
...inflamed nasal passages. …发炎的鼻腔。
Flap
1. 嘴唇
2. 快速振动 (翅膀)
The bird flapped its wings furiously.
那只鸟儿使劲地拍打着翅膀。
Dorsal (鱼或动物)背的
...a dolphin's dorsal fin.
...一个海豚的背鳍。
Bursae 黏液囊
Vibrate 颤动：震动或移动，带着或好象带有一点感情上的抖动或颤抖：
“Even as the film moved . . . to the more deadly fields of Vietnam, old hatreds vibrated in me”(Loudon Wainwright)
“尽管电影移向越南更加死气沉沉的区域，古老的憎恨仍在我的心中震动”(劳登•韦恩赖特)
Collide
1. 碰撞
Two trains collided head-on in Ohio early this morning.
两辆列车今天早晨在俄亥俄州迎头相撞。
2. (目标、观点或利益等) 相抵触; 相冲突
The aims of the negotiators in New York again seem likely to collide with the aims of the warriors in the field.
纽约谈判者的目标看起来可能再次与战场上勇士们的目标相冲突。

Now, a team of researchers has created a simplified model that can reproduce this characteristic dolphin chatter. And they found that the secret ingredient is snot.
现在，一个研究小组建立了一个可重现海豚叫声特征的简化模型。他们发现，秘密成分是鼻涕。
简单相关单词：easily, elementary, basic, simple
复杂相关单词：intricate, complicate, complex
Convoluted 晦涩的; 复杂的
Despite its length and convoluted plot, "Asta's Book" is a rich and rewarding read.
虽然《阿斯塔的书》篇幅冗长、情节复杂，但不失为一本丰富及有益的读物。
Opacity 不透明=》晦涩难懂
...a stupefying verbal opacity.
... 让人惊讶的晦涩难懂的语言。
Arcane 秘密的; 神秘的
Until a few months ago few people outside the arcane world of contemporary music had heard of Gorecki.
直至几个月前，现代音乐神秘世界之外只有少数人听说过戈莱斯基。
Impenetrable
1. 不能理解的
His philosophical work is notoriously impenetrable.
他的哲学著作是出了名地令人费解
2. (障碍或森林等) 难以穿越的
...the Caucasus range, an almost impenetrable barrier between Europe and Asia.
…高加索山脉，欧亚之间一道几乎不可逾越的屏障。
Welter 杂乱的一堆
...patients with a welter of confusing symptoms.
...有一堆疑难症状的病人。
Enigmatic 神秘难解的
She starred in one of Welles's most enigmatic films.
她主演了威尔斯最神秘的电影当中的一部。

While looking through the literature, oceanographer Aaron Thode stumbled across a model that represented vocal cords as masses connected by springs—which store and release energy—and dampers, which dissipate that energy.
在浏览文献时，海洋学家亚伦•索德偶然发现了一个模型，这个模型将声带描绘成由弹簧相连、可以储藏和释放能量的集块，以及消散能量的阻尼器。
looking through
1. 逐一查看
Peter starts looking through the mail as soon as the door shuts.
门一关上，彼得就开始查看邮件。
2. 阅读
He happened to be looking through the medical book "Gray's Anatomy" at the time.
他那时碰巧在看《格雷氏解剖学》这本医学书。
vocal cord 声带
Literature 文献
stumble across 意外发现；偶然看见；
I stumbled across an extremely simple but very exact method for understanding where my money went.
我意外发现了一个非常简单却能精确了解我所花钱去向的方法。
Spring 弹簧
Unfortunately, as a standard mattress wears, the springs soften and so do not support your spine.
不幸的是，当一张标准床垫用旧后，其弹簧变软，因而不能支撑你的背脊。
Damper
1. 减震器
2. 令...扫兴
The cold weather put a damper on our plans.
寒冷的天气给我们的计划涂上一层灰色。
Dissipate
1. 消散
2. 浪费 (金钱、时间、努力等)
He needs someone who can keep him from dissipating his time and energy on too many different things.
他需要有人来阻止他浪费时间和精力做太多不同的事情。

This model successfully replicated the essential characteristics of the system, like the frequency of vocal cord vibration.So Thode enlisted his father Lester, a retired nuclear physicist from Los Alamos National Lab, to help him fit the model to a dolphin's nasal anatomy.
索德的父亲是美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的退休核物理学家，索德邀请他的父亲莱斯特加入研究，帮助他使这个模型与海豚的鼻部解剖构造相符合。这一模型成功地复制了发声系统的基本特征，如声带振动的频率。
Enlist
1. 赢得
I had to cut down a tree and enlist the help of seven neighbours to get it out of the garden!
我不得不砍了一棵树，然后找了7位邻居帮忙把它从院子里弄出去。
2. 使入伍; 入伍
He enlisted in the 50nd Airborne 20 years ago.
他20年前加入了第50空降师。

When the Thodes compared the simulated sounds produced by their model to a recording of actual dolphins, they found that the model mimicked both the loud thump and extended ring that are part of the natural click. That's the sound, but slowed down to make it audible to our ears.
当他们将模型产生的模拟声音与海豚真实声音的录音进行比较时，他们发现，这个模型模拟的撞击声和延长形成的环状结构就是海豚发出的咔哒声的一部分。这就是模型发出的声音，不过我们放慢了速度让大家可以听清。
Mimic 模仿
The computer doesn't mimic human thought; it reaches the same ends by different means.
计算机模仿不了人类的思维；它通过不同的方式达到相同的目的。
Thump 沉闷的撞击声
There was a loud thump as the horse crashed into the van.
那匹马撞上那辆货车时发出巨大的一声闷响。

The initial thud comes from when those dorsal bursae collide. And the reverberation results from the vibrations that linger when the tissues pull apart.
最初的撞击声来自背侧黏液囊的碰撞。而回声则来源于组织分离时产生的振动。
Thud 沉闷声
She tripped and fell with a sickening thud.
她绊倒了，发出一声吓人的闷响。
Reverberation
1. 回响; 回声
Jason heard the reverberation of the slammed door.
杰森听到了门砰然关上的回响。
2. 反响; 轰动
In the end, the attempt failed, but the reverberations still can be felt today.
虽然最后尝试以失败告终，但其反响至今依然存在。
pull apart 撕开；扯断
This proves to be really difficult in the real world because in the real world it's hard to pull apart genes and environments So, you and me will have different personalities ? Why?
这在现实中是很难区分的,因为现实中很难,把基因和环境分开来讲,你和我有不同的性格,为什么？

But Thode the younger says the bursae have to be somewhat sticky for the clapping together and snapping apart to produce a noise with the correct loudness and pitch. That stickiness comes courtesy of the mucus. Thode vocalized the results at the meeting of the Acoustical Society in Salt Lake City.
不过小索德认为，黏液囊必须要有足够的粘性，一下靠拢又分开，才能产生这种声音并达到正确的音量和音高。这种粘性来自粘液。索德在盐湖城举行的声学学会上发表了这一研究成果。
Clap 拍掌
Snap 使喀嚓折断; 喀嚓折断
Courtesy 彬彬有礼
...a gentleman who behaves with the utmost courtesy towards ladies.
…一位对女士极为彬彬有礼的绅士。
Courtesy of 来自于
The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。

The match between the simulated sounds and the real deal is encouraging, and the Thodes plan to keep up their collaboration to refine their model. "Yeah, I guess some fathers and sons bond over football, but my dad and I, I guess we bonded over differential equations and writing this paper."
模拟声音与海豚原声的匹配度令人鼓舞，索德父子计划继续合作下去，完善他们的模型。“我认为有些父子因足球而亲密，而我爸爸和我是因为微分方程和撰写这篇论文而亲密起来的。”
Bond 关系
Rapport 关系，融洽关系
The success depends on good rapport between two sides.
成功取决于双边关系之间的融洽。
Affinity 亲切感
He has a close affinity with the landscape and people he knew when he was growing up.
他对他成长过程中所熟悉的景色和人们有一种很强的亲切感。
模仿相关单词：imitate, copy, mimic
Simulate
1. 模拟
The scientist developed one model to simulate a full year of the globe's climate.
这位科学家研制出一个模型，能模拟全年地球的气候。
2. 假装 = pretend
They rolled about on the Gilligan Road, simulating a bloodthirsty fight.
他们在吉利根路上打滚，模拟一场血腥的战斗。
Parody 滑稽模仿作品 (指文章、戏剧、音乐作品的滑稽模仿作)
It was like a parody of the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet.
它就像《罗密欧与朱丽叶》阳台上那一幕的模仿作。
Ape 模仿
Modelling yourself on someone you admire is not the same as aping all they say or do.
以你仰慕的某个人为榜样并不等于模仿他们的全部言行。