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Hi again.Welcome back to www. engvid. com.I'm Adam.Today's lesson is grammar.
嗨。欢迎来到 www. engvid. com.我是Adam。本节是语法课。
And actually, I had quite a few requests for this lesson, because these seem to give people a lot of trouble, especially in writing. Okay?
实际上，我收到了不少对本节课程的要求，因为似乎它给大家造成了很多困惑，特别是在写作中，对吧？
"Compound Adjectives".Firstly, what is a compound adjective?
就是“复合形容词”。首先，什么是复合形容词？
Mostly, you'll notice a compound adjective has the hyphen in it. Right?
大多数时候，你会发现复合形容词里都有一个连字符。对吧？
It's a two- or three-part...Two- or three-word adjective that, together, acts as one word. Okay?That's very important to remember.
它可以是两或三个...两或三个形容词组合在一起，变成一个单词。对吧？记住这是很重要的。
It may have one word, it may have two words, it may have three words connected by a hyphen, but they work all together like one word, one adjective word. Okay?
它可以有一个单词，可以有两个单词，也可以有三个单词，用连字符连接，但是他们合在一起作为一个单词，一个复合形容词。对吧？
Let's look at a few examples before we get into the details of how to construct these."I heard a girl speaking English."
我们在具体看如何构造这些之前，先来看一些例子。“我听见一个女生说英语。”
"I have an English-speaking friend."Now, what's the difference between these two?
“我有一个说英语的朋友。”那么，这两句话有什么不同？
"I heard a girl who was speaking English."or: "I heard a girl" with an gerund.
“我听见一个女生正在说英语。”或者："I heard a girl" 加一个动名词。
So, this could be a participle, this could be a gerund; it doesn't matter.
那么，这可以是一个分词，这可以是一个动名词；这不是关键。
It comes after "the girl", and this is what she is doing. Okay?"I have an English-speaking friend."
它在 "the girl" 之后，这是她正在做什么。对吧？“我有一个说英语的朋友。”
Now, I can change this sentence and say: "I have a friend who speaks English."
那么，我可以把这个句子改成："I have a friend who speaks English."
But it's much easier just to say an adjective about the friend.
但是说一个形容词加朋友更容易。
Now, it's very important to remember an adject-...Sorry, a compound adjective comes before a noun.
重要的是要记住一个形...抱歉，一个复合形容词在名词前。
It always becomes before a noun; never after it.If it comes after it, it's no longer a compound adjective.
它总是在名词前；从来不在名词后。如果它在名词之后的话，就不再是一个复合形容词了。
There's no more need for the hyphen. Okay?Let's look at more examples."A strong, healing lotion".Or: "A fast-healing cut".
也就不再需要有连字符了。对吧？我们一起来看更多例句。“一个强效愈合膏。”或者：“一个快速愈合的伤口”。
Now, even though it's a fast-healing cut, I would still want to use a strong, healing lotion.What's the difference, here?Here, first of all, you notice the comma.
尽管这是一个很快愈合的伤口，我还是想要强效愈合膏。”这里有什么区别？首先，你会发现逗号。
I have two adjectives.It's a strong lotion, it's a healing lotion.These are two separate ideas about this noun. Okay?
我用了两个形容词。它是强效的膏药，它是愈合的膏药。关于这个名词，分别有两个概念。对吧？
They're not joined together.Each one affects the lotion.Here, "fast-healing lotion", it's fast and it's healing..."A fast-healing cut", sorry.
它们没有合并到一起。每一个都对膏药有影响。这里，"fast-healing lotion"，它是快速的而且是愈合的...抱歉，是"A fast-healing cut"。
It's fast and it's healing about this cut.So, for example, you go to a doctor and he needs to remove a mole.
就这个伤口而言，它是快速的且愈合的。那么，比如，你去看医生，他需要点掉一个痣。
You have like a little thing growing on your arm.So he cuts it, but he's a specialist, he's very professional.
你的胳膊上长了一个小东西。所以他割掉了它，但是他是一个专家，他非常专业。
It's a very fast-healing cut.In two days, you won't even know there was a cut there. Right?
伤口很快就愈合了。两天后，你甚至不知道这曾有一个伤口。对吧？
So, both these words-this is an adverb-okay?This is a participle-both work as one word about "cut".
那么，这些单词都-这是一个副词-对吧？这是一个分词，它们俩作为一个单词修饰 "cut"。
Now, you don't really need to worry about this, but just in case you're interested, if you're writing and you have a word count...
你不需要担心这点，除非你感兴趣，假设你在写作且有字数要求的话…
For example, IELTS or TOEFL, you have to write 250 words or 350 words, respectively.
例如，雅思或者托福写作，你必须分别写到250和350字。
This is one word; not two words.Remember that. Okay?
这是一个单词，而不是两个单词。记住这点。好吗？
Next: "A man eating lion".Now, I don't know if people actually eat lions.
下一个：“一个男人吃狮子”。我不确定人是否真的吃狮子。
I don't know how they would taste.I'm sure they're kind of gamey.
我不知道它们吃起来怎么样。我确定它们味道有点重。
It means a little bit strong taste.But I saw a man eating lion.
这意味着味道有一些强烈。但是我看见一个人吃狮子。
So this man was eating that lion.But, then I saw: "A man-eating lion" eat the man.How does that work?
所以这个男人正在吃狮子。但是，之后我看：“一个吃人的狮子” 吃了人。这是怎么回事？
"A man-eating lion", so this is a compound clause describing "lion".
“一个吃人的狮子”，这是一个复合句描述 "lion"。
A lion who eats people. Okay?Very different meaning.
一只吃人的狮子。对吧？意思非常不同。
So, now you're saying: "Okay, well, where do I put the adjective?
那么，你现在会说：“好吧，那么，我把这个形容词放在哪呢？”
Where do I put the compound adjective?
我把复合形容词放在哪？
Like, before, after, not at all, with a hyphen, without the hyphen?"
比如，前面，后面，都不是，带连字符，还是不带连字符？
So this is what we're going to look at next.
那么这是我们接下来要看的。
But, before we do that, this is where people make the most mistakes in writing, especially English learners. Okay?
但是，在那之前，这是人们在写作时最容易犯的错误，特别是英语学习者。对吧？
"My nephew is 10 years old." Okay?
“我的侄子10岁了。”对吧？
With the "s", no hyphen; after the noun, after the "be" verb.
有"s"，没有连字符；在名词后，在 "be" 之后。
But: "I have a 10-year-old nephew."
但是：“我有一个十岁大的侄子。”
No "s", and two hyphens, and they become before the noun "nephew".
没有 "s"，两个连字符，在名词 "nephew" 前。
Now, it doesn't matter if you print the number "10" or if you write the word "ten".
无论你写数字 "10" 还是写单词 "ten" 都不重要。
If you're using it as a compound adjective before the noun, then you have the hyphens, you don't have the "s".
如果你把它作为一个复合形容词用在名词前，那么你要加连字符，不要加 "s"。
But let's look at more specific details to know how to use and what sort of words we can combine to make a compound adjective.
我们来看更多的具体细节，了解如何使用以及什么样的单词可以合并成复合形容词。
Okay, so let's see how we construct compound adjectives.
好，我们来看如何构造复合形容词。
There's a few ways to construct them.We're going to look at two.
构造它们有几种方法。我们先学习两种。
We're going to look at a few more after that.
之后我们会再学一些其他的。
First of all, you can begin by using an actual adjective or an adverb plus a participle.
首先，你可以先用实意形容词或者是一个副词加分词。
Again, two types of participles; "ing" like: "talking" or "looking", or there's the past participle, which is "ed" or irregular verb, however that ends. Right?
再说一次，分词有两种形式；"ing" 形式的："talking" 或者 "looking"，或者过去分词，以 "ed" 结尾或是不规则动词，结尾是任意的。对吧？
Oh, sorry. My mistake here. There you go."Known" or "eyed".We'll talk about that "eyed" in a second.
哦，抱歉，我犯了一个错误。这样对了。"Known" 或者 "eyed"。我们马上会说到 "eyed"。
So, what you do, you join the adjective or the adverb, plus the hyphen, plus the participle.
所以，你要做的是，加上这个形容词或副词，加上连字符，再加上分词。
So: "Fast-talking", like a fast-talking salesman.He knows exactly what to say.
即："Fast-talking"，比如一个语速很快的销售员。他完全知道怎么说。
He talks fast; you can't keep up.You don't understand what he's saying.
他说的很快；你都跟不上。你不理解他在说什么。
Next thing you know, you're signing for a brand new car.You don't even know what you paid.
你知道的是，你正在订购一辆新汽车。你甚至不知道你要付多少钱。
He's a fast-talking salesman."Good-looking".A good-looking girl, a good-looking boy, etc."Blue-eyed".
他是一个语速很快的销售员。“好看的”。一个漂亮的女孩，一个好看的男孩，等等。“蓝眼睛的”。
Somebody who has blue eyes, you could say: "A blue-eyed man", or: "A blue-eyed woman", "A blue-eyed child".
某人的眼睛是蓝色的，你可以说：“一个蓝眼睛的男人”，或者：“一个蓝眼睛的女人”，“一个蓝眼睛的小孩”。
"Well-known".A well-known professor.Now, again, very, very important to remember, all of these would come before the noun.
“有名的”。一位有名的教授。再说一次，要非常非常重点记得，所有这些词都要在名词前。
So: "She is a good-looking girl.", "She is good looking."They mean the same.
那么：“她是一个好看的女孩。”，“她长得好看”。它们意思是一样的。
The two sentences mean exactly the same way, but...Mean exactly the same thing, but different structure.
这两个句子意思完全一样，但是…意思完全一样，但结构不同。
Okay. Sorry, I just realized another one."Participle". Okay. Participle.
好，抱歉，我刚意识到另一个问题。“分词”。好吧，分词。
So, this is the participle, this is the participle, but: after the verb, no hyphen; before the verb, hyphen.
那么，这是分词，这是分词，但：在动词后，没有连字符；在动词前，有连字符。
Both of these about the noun.Now, I talked about blue-eyed.Now you're thinking: "'Eye' is not a verb."
它们两个都修饰名词。现在，我在谈论关于蓝眼睛的。你现在会想：“'Eye'不是一个动词。”
I mean, it is a verb, you can eye something.Means you can see it and want it.
我想说，它是一个动词，你可以看见一些事。意思是你看得到它而且想要它。
But in this case, it just means to have something.So, body parts, for some reason, we can turn into participles.
但是在这里，它的意思只是有某物。那么，人体部位，由于某种原因，我们可以将其用作分词。
"Hair", "a dark-haired woman", "a brown-eyed boy", "a long-nosed man", "a thick-lipped woman", "a wide-bodied truck".
“头发”，“一个黑头发的女人”，“一个棕色眼睛的男孩”，“一个长鼻子的男人”，“一个厚嘴唇的女人”，“一辆机身宽大的卡车”。
It doesn't have to be about a person, actually.We can use body for many things, but you could say...
实际上，它不一定要修饰人。我们可以用身体做很多事，但你可以说…
You know, so say: "Bone", like...Sometimes people say like for heavy people, we say: "Big-boned".Not very nice thing to say, but people say it.
你知道，比如："Bone"，像是…有时候人们用它表示肥胖的人，我们说：“大块头”。这不是什么好话，但是有人会说。
Just so you know...And there's other verbs, but I'm not going to talk about those today; they don't have anything to do with this lesson.
如你所知…还有其他的动词，但我今天不打算讲了；它们不在本节课内容里。
So, body parts, you can turn into participles, add an adjective, and you have a compound adjective.
所以，人体部位，你可以用作分词，加上形容词，就是复合形容词。
Now, you can also use a noun plus a participle to create a compound adjective. Okay?
那么，你也可以用一个名词加上一个分词来构成一个复合形容词。对吧？
"Sun-dried tomatoes", these are very delicious.You put them on your pasta, whatever you do.
“晒干的西红柿”，它们非常好吃。你在意大利面或者其他任何东西里面加入。
"A blood-sucking leech", now, I'm not sure if you know what a leech is.
“一个吸血的蚂蟥”，我不确定你是否知道蚂蟥是什么。
A leech is a very, very tiny, little worm that it comes onto your body, like usually in a tropical place, humid, lots of water, standing water.
蚂蟥是一种非常，非常小的蠕虫，它会钻到你的身身上，通常在热带植物里，潮湿地带，多水地带，和死水里。
It'll crawl up, you won't even know it's there.It'll start sucking your blood, and it gets bigger, and bigger, and bigger.
它会爬到身上，你甚至不知道它在那。它会吸你的血，然后它会变得很大，很大，很大。
Sometimes they can get this big, full of your blood.And they're very hard to get off; they like to stick.But they are blood-sucking leeches. Okay?
有时它们会变得这么大，吸满了你的血。而且它们很难弄掉；它们像是粘上去了。但它们是吸血的蚂蟥。对吧？
So, this, we have "blood", we have the participle "sucking" about the "leech".This is what they do.
那么，我们有 "blood"，我们有分词 "sucking"修饰"leech"。这表示它们做了什么。
Now, let's say Beyoncé, I don't know, whoever you like, releases a new album and she has record-breaking sales.
现在，我们说说 Beyoncé，我不知道，随便你喜欢的人，她发了一张新专辑，销售额打破了记录。
Huge sales.The records, the most sales by an artist, broke them.But again, this, an adjective for that.
巨额的销量。这个记录，即歌手创造的最高销售额，开创新高。但再说一次，这个，是一个形容词修饰这里。
Okay, we have adjectives, adverbs, and participles.We have nouns and participles.Let's look at a few more.Okay, last few examples to look at.
好，我们有形容词，副词，还有分词。我们有名词和分词。我们来多看几个例子。这是最后几个例子了。
Very important to remember, when you're using numbers, numbers plus nouns to describe another noun, although there's no adjective involved here,
重点要记住的是，当你在用数词时，数词加名词来描述另一个名词，尽管没有这里没有形容词在其中，
although technically numbers are adjectives, but the whole thing becomes an adjective to that noun. Okay?
尽管学术上来说，数词算形容词，但是这整个变成了形容词来修饰这个名词。对吧？
So, "a 10-storey building".So: "Across the street they're building a 10-storey building." Okay?
那么，“一栋10层楼的建筑”。如：“穿过这条街有一栋10层楼的建筑。”对吧？
They're putting up a 10-storey building.So notice we have "10".Even if you write the word "ten", it doesn't matter.
他们正在建造一栋10层楼的建筑。那么注意我们用的是"10"。但即使你用单词 "ten"，也没关系。
It's still a number plus a noun that, together, are used as an adjective for the building, for the other noun.So make sure you have the dash.
还是一个数词加名词，合在一起。用作形容词修饰建筑，或其他的名词。确保你用了破折号。
But if you talk about the building and you talk about how many stories it has and you put it after the building, then that building has "10 stories" with the "s", okay?
但如果你谈论这个建筑，你谈论这个建筑有多少层楼，你把它放在 building 后，那就是 that building has "10 stories"，加"s"，对吧？
"That building has 10 stories."Just remember add the "s" after the noun; with a hyphen, no "s".
“这个楼有10层。”记住在名词后，要加"s"，而以后连字符，则没有"s"。
Your teacher in university, and this is very common, so when you get to university, be prepared to write "10-page essays".
这非常常见，你的大学老师，当你进入大学时，你要准备写“10页论文”。
Not "10 pages essays", "10-page essays".You can put a "one-page"...Sorry, "A one 10-page essay", or: "10 page essays".
不是"10 pages essays"，而是"10-page essays"。你可以用 "one-page"…抱歉，"A one 10-page essay"，或者："10 page essays"。
Again, if you put it after, the essay needs to be 10 pages.We already spoke about this."10-year-old boy".
再说一次，如果你把它放在后面，就是这个论文需要有10页。我们已经说过这一点了。“10岁大的男孩。”
"A boy who is 10 years old".Now, you'll also notice I said you will have to write...Let's say I'm the professor.
“一个10岁的男孩。”那么，你会注意到我说你不得不写…我们假设我是教授。
You're joining my course.Over the whole year, you will have to write five 10-page essays.
你在上我的课。这一学年，你必须写5份10页的论文。
So don't worry about this number.This is a different 5 essays, 10 pages each.So: "Five 10-page essays". Okay?
所以不要担心数词。是不同的5份，一份10页。那么："Five 10-page essays"。对吧？
And again, when you're speaking, you'll have to make that pause on the comma.In writing, it's obvious, it's clear.
再强调一次，当你在说话时，你必须在逗号处有停顿。在写作中，它是明显的，清楚的。
Last one, when you have number plus measure...time or any other measure.
最后一个，当你用数词加量词…时间或其他任何量词。
So, I have to work an "8-hour shift" today.An "8-hour" is an adjective for the type of shift. "8-hour".
如，我今天必须工作“8小时轮班”。"8-hour" 是一个形容词，修饰轮班。“8小时的”。
Any other measure, like you're talking about feet, you're talking about pounds, you're talking about ounces, you're talking about litres.
其他量词，像是你可以说英尺、磅、盎司、公升。
It doesn't matter what the unit of measure is, if you're putting a number before it, and the number plus the measure describe the noun, make sure you have your hyphen.
量词的单位是什么不是关键，如果你在它前面加数词，且这个数词加量词来修饰名词，确保你要加连字符。
And again, not: "five-feet wall", "five-foot wall".That wall is five feet high.It is a five-foot-high wall.
再说一次，不是："five-feet wall"，而是"five-foot wall"。这个墙有5英尺高。它是一栋5英尺高的墙。
And if you want to put the "high", you don't need to, but if you want to, then you got a three-word compound adjective; you have two hyphens. Okay?
如果你想要加上"high"，不是必须加，如果你想加的话，你可以用一个三个单词的复合形容词，用两个连字符。对吧？
Same story applies for plural before or after.This is an irregular plural; "one-foot", "two feet", doesn't matter.
同样的原理适用于复数在前或是在后。这是一个不规则复数；"one-foot"，"two feet"，都可以。
Same rule applies.After the noun, "feet"; before the noun, "foot".
用法是一样的。在名词后，"feet"；名词前，"foot"。
Now, if you have any questions about compound adjectives, please feel free to ask me on www. engvid. com in the comment section under the quiz.
那么，如果你对于复合形容词有任何问题，尽管在www. engvid. com的测试下方的评论区问我。
Of course, take the quiz and practice all of this.
当然了，也要做测试，练习所有这些内容。
And don't forget to subscribe to my YouToo channel...YouTube channel. Sorry.See you again soon. Bye.
不要忘了关注我的 YouToo 频道…YouTube 频道。抱歉。再见，拜拜。
