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In 1955, a woman named Shirley Mason visited the psychotherapist she'd been seeing for a few months.
1955年，一位名叫雪莉·梅森的女士拜访了她几个月来一直在看的心理治疗师。
When the therapist asked her how she was doing,
当治疗师问她近况如何时，
she said, "I'm fine but Shirley isn't.
她说：“我很好，但雪莉不好。
She was so sick, she couldn't come, so I came instead...I'm Peggy!"
她生病了，来不了，所以我替她来了，我是佩吉！”
Through continued therapy,
在接下来的治疗中，
the therapist discovered what seemed like 16 personalities living inside Shirley's mind.
治疗师发现雪莉的精神里似乎住着16个人格。
She later wrote a now-famous book about Shirley, titled "Sybil",
她后来写了一本关于雪莉的著名书籍，名叫《西比尔》，
using a different name to protect her patient's privacy.
用了不同的名字来保护病人隐私。
And that book put a rare syndrome, then called multiple personality disorder, on the map.
这本书出名的地方在于写了一种罕见的综合症状，叫做多重人格障碍。
Before Sybil, fewer than 100 cases had ever been reported,
在《西比尔》之前，被报告的此类病例不到100例，
but after the book came out, diagnoses exploded into the thousands.
但这本书出版后，成千上万的人被诊断出患了此症。
In a surprising twist, Shirley's specific case might not have been real,
令人惊讶的转折是，雪莉的具体情况可能并不真实，
and she eventually wrote her therapist claiming she'd made it all up.
她最后给治疗师写信说这一切都是她编的。
But researchers are still looking into the disorder as a whole.
但研究人员仍在研究这种障碍的整体状况。
Today, we call Shirley's diagnosis dissociative identity disorder, or DID.
如今，我们称雪莉的诊断为分离性身份识别障碍（DID）。
It often occurs alongside other psychiatric disorders, making diagnosis very difficult.
它经常与其他精神疾病一起病发，让诊断变得非常困难。
And it's still very controversial among psychologists and psychiatrists.
它在心理学家和精神病学家中间仍存在争议。
But what's not controversial is that the way Hollywood portrays it is way off.
但没有争议的是，好莱坞的表演方式已经过时了。
To be diagnosed with DID, a patient needs to have two or more so-called "identities", or personality states.
要被确诊患有DID，病人需要有两个或多个所谓的“身份”，即人格状态。
This doesn't necessarily mean a whole other person is living inside their mind.
这并不一定意味着他们的精神中住着另一个完整的人。
In many cases, it's more like their overall personality is fragmented,
在很多病例中，DID更像是病人的整个人格支离破碎，
and different parts of their history and self-image can take control.
他们过去和自我意象的不同分裂人格掌握控制权。
For example, only one personality state might be able to speak a language learned during a semester abroad in college,
比如，一种人格状态在国外大学的一个学期学会了说一门外语，
while another doesn't remember that experience.
而另一种人格状态却不记得那段经历。
Or if they'd previously been a very religious person,
或者如果他们以前是虔诚的教徒，
they might have one fragment of them that's devout, and another that isn't.
那么他们可能有一个分裂人格是虔诚的，另一分裂人格不虔诚。
Sometimes these fragments present themselves as multiple people with different ages or genders, but not always.
有时这些分裂人格会以多人的身份出现，且他们年龄性别均不同，但并非总如此。
And while these fragments can be complicated,
这些分裂人格可能很复杂，
with their own wants and aspirations, they aren't there to fulfill, like, evil or criminal desires.
但它们有了自己的愿望和渴望之后就不会满足，比如邪恶或犯罪欲望。
So the idea that people with DID are ruled by the worst parts of themselves,
所以患有DID的人被最糟糕的分裂人格控制这一想法，
like in Fight Club or Split, is entirely fictional.
会像《搏击俱乐部》或《分裂》一样完全虚构。
The other major symptom is memory loss or amnesia.
另一个主要症状是失忆或健忘。
This could be missing personal information about themselves,
这种症状可能是忘记了他们自己的个人信息，
or missing memories from times when another personality fragment was in control.
或丢失了另一个人格分裂控制时的记忆。
Also, it doesn't count if the personality shift or memory loss are chemically-induced.
此外，如果人格转移或记忆丧失是由化学因素引起的，不算数。
If everyone tells you that you turn into someone else when you're drunk,
如果人们说你喝醉了就变成了另一个人，
but you can't remember what you said or did …
但你不记得自己说过或做过什么...
you do not have dissociative identity disorder.
那么你没有患分离性身份识别障碍。
And parents, imaginary friends? Totally cool.
那么父母、幻想朋友呢？它们太有趣了。
They're really common, like, 2/3 of kids have them,
这种现象很普遍，2/3的孩子都有，
and this is not a symptom of your child harboring another secret personality.
但这不是孩子隐藏另一个秘密人格的症状。
But if a patient has multiple identities, their memory is shaky,
但是如果病人有多重身份、记忆不稳定，
and they're distressed or impaired by these symptoms,
并且这些症状会让他们感到痛苦或受损，
then a psychiatrist might diagnose them with DID. Many, though, wouldn't.
那么精神科医生可能会确诊他们患有DID。不过，这种人不会很多。
It's not that their condition isn't real, there's no denying that patients have these symptoms.
这并不是说病人的情况不真实，也不能否认病人有这些症状。
But experts disagree on where the symptoms come from,
但是专家们不同意这些症状的来源，
whether DID is a stand-alone disorder, or whether it's better explained by other, well-established disorders.
不管DID是独立症状，还是与其他症状并发，它都是得到确认的障碍。
Surveys of psychiatrists found that most agree it's a valid diagnosis,
精神科医生调查发现，大多数人同意它是有效诊断，
but many think it's commonly misdiagnosed.
但仍很多人认为它是误诊。
That's partly because DID is so rare, most studies on it have very small samples.
部分原因是它非常罕见，大多数研究样本都非常小。
But it's also because it's very unlikely that patients get just a DID diagnosis.
但还有部分原因是病人不太可能得到DID的单独确诊。
It's usually tacked on to other diagnoses,
它通常被附加到其他诊断上，
and this is one reason why many psychologists think
这也是许多心理学家认为
that it's better understood as an extreme version of other disorders.
它作为其他疾病的极端版本更容易被理解的原因。
For example, DID can look a lot like a dissociative fugue state.
例如，DID很像分离性神游状态。
This is a kind of temporary memory loss where people behave impulsively,
后者是一种暂时性记忆缺失，表现为行为冲动，
leave their homes and wander around, and do things that they would never otherwise do.
离家四处游荡，做那些他们永远不会做的事情。
So it might seem like a shift in personality.
所以它看起来像是人格转变。
These people also often lose their memories of who they are,
这些人也经常失忆，忘记自己是谁，
so they sometimes invent a new identity to fill in the gap.
所以他们有时会发明一种新身份来填补空缺。
And although a lot of these fugue cases are a bit of a mystery,
虽然很多神游症的案例有点儿神秘，
some are explained by substance use or neurological conditions.
但有些可以通过药物滥用或精神问题来解释。
DID also overlaps a lot with post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.
DID也与创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)有很多重合之处。
That's especially interesting, because the psychologists who most strongly believe DID is a distinct disorder
这一点尤为有趣，因为坚信DID是一种独特障碍的心理学家
think it stems from childhood trauma or abuse, which could also cause PTSD.
认为它来源于童年创伤或虐待，这些也会导致创伤后应激障碍。
And DID similarly shares symptoms with borderline personality disorder,
DID也与边缘性人格障碍有很多相似症状，
which is characterized by impulsive behavior, as well as unstable relationships and identity.
后者的特点是行为冲动、关系和身份不稳定。
One study of 33 patients in the 1980s found that
在20世纪80年代对33名患者进行的一项研究发现，
70% of patients with DID could have just as easily been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder instead.
70%患有DID的患者可以很容易被确诊为边缘性人格障碍。
But, the researchers concluded that because 30% of the cases were distinct,
但是，研究人员总结称，因为30%的病例不同，
DID should be considered a stand-alone disorder.
DID应该被认为是一种独立障碍。
DID is also controversial because many of the new diagnoses seem to be coming from just a few psychiatrists,
DID颇有争议，这是因为很多新诊断似乎只来自于一些精神病医生，
and some suggest these doctors may be overzealous because they're eager to find new cases.
一些人认为这些医生可能过于热心，因为他们急于找到新病例。
But the doctors themselves counter that by saying that
但是这些医生们反驳说，
they're just better at seeing the signs and identifying the disorder.
他们只是更善于发现症状和识别疾病。
Regardless, the good news is that treatment for DID with tailored therapy,
不管怎样，好消息是DID治疗是量身定制的治疗，
at least for the symptoms related to identity fragmentation is pretty effective.
至少对那些与人格分裂相关的症状相当有效。
Which is great, because although there's a lot of controversy surrounding the disorder,
这种现象很好，因为尽管DID有很多争议，
psychiatrists all agree that real people are suffering and need help.
但精神科医生都认为，真正受苦的人需要帮助。
And like anyone else, they should be shown compassion, and not made into movie monsters.
他们和其他人一样，应该被给予同情，而不是被塑造成电影怪物。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀。
If you want to learn more about the psychology of trauma,
如果你想了解更多心理创伤的内容，
you might be interested in our episode on how trauma can be inherited.
可能会对创伤如何遗传的那期节目感兴趣。
