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It flew in the face of conventional wisdom, which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology of that age, which was the X-ray machine.
这对于这一观念是很大的冲击，尤其是对于当时的新科技X光机器的巨大热情。
And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves, which was as people who helped patients, they didn't harm them.
而且对于医生对自己的看法也是巨大的冲击，因为他们都是想帮助病人的，而不是想害他们。
Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
不过，Alice Stewart还是很快将她最初的发现在1956年的The Lancet杂志中发表了。
People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,
人们都很兴奋，有人还提到诺贝尔奖的可能，
and Alice really was in a big hurry to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find before they disappeared.
Alice也很着急，她想去研究她能找到所有的儿童癌症的资料，在他们消失之前。
In fact, she need not have hurried.
事实上，她并不需要那么急。
It was fully 25 years before the British and medical -- British and American medical establishments abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.
过了整整25年之后，英国和美国医学界才禁止了给孕妇做X光检查。
The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available, but nobody wanted to know.
数据都是开放的，很容易获得，但是没人想知道这一点。
A child a week was dying, but nothing changed. Openness alone can't drive change.
每周都有一个小孩在垂死挣扎，但就跟啥都没发生一样，开放性无法带来改变。
So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.
25年来Alice Stewart做了很大的斗争。
So, how did she know that she was right?
那么，她怎么知道她当时是对的?
Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.
她有一个极佳的思考模型。
