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The youngest man in 50 years to take charge of the USSR in fifty years, Gorbachev moved quickly to stabilize the Soviet state.
是50年来管理苏联的最年轻的了，戈尔巴乔夫快速行动，稳定苏维埃政权
One of Gorbachev's two major initiatives was perestroika, or "restructuring" of the long-stagnant economy.
他的两项主要行动之一是经济与政治体制改革，即对长期停滞的经济进行重组
His second initiative was glasnost, or openness in discussing and addressing political issues.
他的第二项行动是政策开放即在讨论和解决政治问题上的开放性
But the entire Communist system had been abused by corrupt bureaucrats for so long that mere legislation and mere public relations could not help.
但是整个共产主义系统已经遭到腐败的官僚作风侵蚀太久，仅仅靠立法和公共关系是无济于事的
Gorbachev promoted a group of reformers who would support his initiatives,
戈尔巴乔夫提拔了一群支持他的倡议的改革者
including the new Communist Party boss of Moscow, a Siberian dude by the name of Boris Yeltsin.
包括新的莫斯科共产党的首领，一个有着西伯利亚名字的人，鲍里斯·叶利钦
Some Gorbachev's early efforts succeeded; for instance, he successfully extracted Soviet troops out of Afghanistan in 1989.
他早期的一些努力都获得了成功；例如，他在1989年成功地将军队撤出了阿富汗
On the other, Gorbachev handled the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 in the time-honored Soviet way: denial followed by lies.
然而另一方面，戈尔巴乔夫解决1986年切诺贝利和泄漏事故的手段却是沿袭了一直以来的苏维埃方式，矢口否认，谎言百出
As Gorbachev became more aware of just how shaky the USSR was,
随着戈尔巴乔夫越来越清醒地认识到苏联政权的摇摇欲坠
he introduced even more democratic reforms, including, in 1989, the Soviet Union's first "free" elections ever.
他引入了更为民主的改革，包括1989年苏联的第一次所谓的“自由”选举
