手机APP下载

您现在的位置: 首页 > 英语听力 > 英语视频听力 > 经济速成小课堂 > 正文

经济速成班 第32课:对外援助

来源:可可英语 编辑:Alisa   可可英语APP下载 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet

Hi, I'm Adriene Hill. This is Crash Course Economics, and today we're talking about foreign aid.

嗨,我是埃德因·希尔。这里是经济速成班,我们今天将要讲对外援助。
Want to guess what percent of the America's budget goes to foreign aid?
想知道美国预算中有多少用于对外援助吗?
It's right around 1%. But most Americans have no idea that it's that small.
大约占预算的1%。但大多数人都不知道这一数字这么小。
A survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation found the average guess was that 26% of the budget went to helping other countries.
凯撒家庭基金会的一项调查发现,大众猜测26%的预算用于帮助其他国家。
The fact that Americans overestimate their government's foreign aid so drastically
事实上,美国人如此高估政府的对外援助
might help explain why so many think we're overspending on aid.
可能有助于解释为什么许多人认为我们援助超支。
The Kaiser study found that more than half of people surveyed said the US was too generous.
凯撒家庭基金会的研究发现,超过一半的受访者认为美国太过慷慨。
But when they found out the total expenditure was closer to 1% of the budget, that number fell to 28%.
但当他们发现援助总支出不到预算的1%时,这一数字下降到了28%。
Foreign aid is basically the transfer of money, stuff or services from a country or international organization,
对外援助主要是指从一个国家或国际组织转移资金、物资或服务,
that's intended to help out another country and its people.
来帮助另一个国家及其人民。
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that
经济合作与发展组织估计
aid spending by the richest countries was more than 135 billion dollars in 2014.
2014年,最富裕国家的援助支出超过1350亿美元。
Of that, nearly 33 billion dollars came from the U.S.
其中近330亿美元来自美国,
The U.K. chipped in more than 19 billion dollars.
英国出资190多亿美元。
Germany added 16 billion dollars. France, 10 billion dollars.
德国出资160亿美元,法国出资100亿美元。
When you look at which countries give the most as a percentage of gross national income,
当你观察哪个国家的援助金额占国民总收入最多时,
the most generous nation is Sweden.
会发现最慷慨的国家是瑞典。
U.S. Foreign Aid goes to a hundred-plus countries around the world,
美国向世界上一百多个国家提供援助,
and is set aside for goals like peace and security, democracy and human rights, economic growth,
这些援助是为了实现和平与安全、民主与人权、经济增长、
improvements to health and education systems, humanitarian assistance after disasters, and protecting the environment.
保健和教育系统的改善、灾后人道主义援助和环境保护等目标。
But why do countries spend so much to help out non-residents?
但是各国为什么花费这么多钱来帮助非本国居民呢?
Out of the kindness of their collective hearts?
是出于他们集体的善良吗?
Or for some other more... complicated... reasons?
或者是为了更多其他……复杂……原因?
Historians say the modern age of international aid really began after World War II,
历史学家说现代的国际援助开始于二战后,
when a number of still-to-this-day significant international institutions were established.
当时一些现存的重要国际机构成立了。
The World Bank was set up in 1944 as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
世界银行成立于1944年,当时叫做国际复兴开发银行,
with the job of helping Europe rebuild.
目的是帮助欧洲重建。
The United Nations was created in 1945, as "a general international organization to maintain peace and security."
联合国成立于1945年,是“维护和平与安全的通用国际组织”。
And the IMF came into existence, also in 1945, with the job of helping to oversee the international monetary system.
国际货币基金组织也是1945年成立的,当时的任务是帮助监督国际货币体系。
In 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall addressed the graduating class at Harvard,
1947年,美国国务卿乔治·马歇尔在哈佛向毕业班发表讲话,
with an offer of financial support for European countries in their efforts to rebuild.
提出为欧洲国家重建提供财政支持。
He said: "It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do
他说:“很合逻辑地,美国应该做任何她能做的
to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world,
来帮助世界恢复正常的良性经济,
without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace.
若不如此,将不会有政治稳定和有保障的和平。
Our policy is not directed against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos."
我们的政策不是针对任何国家或是教条,而是针对饥饿、贫穷、绝望和骚动。“
The speech marked the birth of what's known as the Marshall Plan.
这次演讲标志着“马歇尔计划”的诞生。
The U.S. gave out 13 billion dollars in aid, which, if you adjust for inflation, is more than 130 billion dollars today.
美国提供了130亿美元的援助,如果把通货膨胀因素考虑在内的话,现在已经超过1300亿美元了。
The goal was to help restore production in Europe,
它的目标是帮助欧洲恢复生产,
to expand trade, and to a small degree, to try to keep communism from spreading.
扩大贸易,并在一定程度上阻止共产主义的蔓延。
The United Kingdom got about a quarter of the total aid. France got about 18%,
英国得到了大约四分之一的援助,法国得到了18%的援助,
West Germany got about a tenth of the money.
西德得到了大约十分之一的资金。
The rest was spread to the the smaller western European countries. And it worked.
其余的资金则分散到了较小的西欧国家。它起作用了。
The countries that took assistance saw their GNPs jump,
得到救助的国家GNP上升,
in some places their economies were doing better than they were before the war.
一些地方的经济状况甚至比战前要好。

汇款.png

In 1949, President Truman effectively extended the Marshall Plan to other developing countries around the world.

1949年,杜鲁门总统有效地将马歇尔计划推广到世界其他发展中国家。
George Marshall received the Nobel Prize for Peace.
乔治·马歇尔获得了诺贝尔和平奖。
The plan worked on both strategic and humanitarian fronts.
该计划在战略和人道主义两方面都发挥了作用。
The Marshall Plan helped legitimize and lay the groundwork for U.S. foreign aid programs that have come since.
马歇尔计划有助于美国的对外援助项目合法化,并为此奠定了基础。
During the Cold War, the U.S. and its allies, along with the Soviets and its allies, used international aid as a political tool.
冷战期间,美国及其盟国,苏联及其盟国都把对外援助作为一种政治工具。
Basically trying to win allegiances, and punish countries who didn't seem quite loyal enough.
它主要是为了赢得忠诚以及惩罚那些似乎不够忠诚的国家。
Once the Cold War ended, foreign aid transitioned from geopolitical carrot and stick toward more actual humanitarian and economic aims.
冷战结束后,对外援助从地缘政治的软硬兼施转向更实际的人道主义和经济目标。
Adjusting for inflation, in 1960 total international aid to countries in sub-Saharan Africa was about 6 billion dollars.
美国为通货膨胀做出了调整,1960年对撒哈拉以南非洲国家的国际援助总额约为60亿美元。
That rose to 46 billion dollars in 2011. Why?
这一数字在2011年升至了460亿美元。为什么?
Governments got more interested in trying to help lift people out of poverty
政府对帮助人们摆脱贫困,
and improve economic conditions for the poorest countries.
改善最贫穷国家的经济状况更有兴趣了。
Sub-saharan African nations also receive significant aid to help fight HIV and AIDS.
撒哈拉以南的非洲国家也获得了帮助抗击艾滋病病毒和艾滋病的重要援助。
In 2015, the U.S. planned to send Kenya 486 million dollars in assistance to combat HIV.
2015年,美国计划向肯尼亚提供4.86亿美元的援助,以抗击艾滋病。
But international aid doesn't always go to the poorest countries or the countries fighting epidemics.
但国际援助并不总是流向最贫穷的国家或抗击流行病的国家。
Some research has found donor countries are more likely to send aid to former colonies or strategic partners.
一些研究发现,捐助国更有可能向前殖民地或战略伙伴提供援助。
For example, the U.S. sends hundreds of millions of dollars to Israel and more than a billion dollars a year to Egypt,
例如,美国每年援助以色列数亿美元,援助埃及10多亿美元,
mostly earmarked to promote peace and security.
主要用于促进和平与安全。
France has focused its aid on its former colonies.
法国把援助重点放在了它的前殖民地上。
And Japan directs aid to countries with similar political interests.
日本也向有相似政治利益的国家提供援助。
Donor countries also tend to want to write big checks to countries that are moving toward democracy.
捐助国也倾向于给正在走向民主的国家开出大额支票。
And donor countries sometimes use international aid to encourage trade with the recipient country.
而且捐助国有时会利用国际援助鼓励与受援国的贸易。
Like say if the U.S. sends aid to a country that turns around and uses that aid to buy U.S. exports.
比如说,如果美国向一个国家提供援助,而该国反过来利用援助购买美国的出口产品。
It can help the U.S. The greater amount of trade a donor country does with a recipient country,
它可以帮助美国。捐助国与受援国之间的贸易越多,
the more aid the recipient country is likely to get.
受援国得到的援助越多。
Now, it probably goes without saying that big donations don't guarantee results in the outcomes a donor country is looking for.
毋庸置疑的是,大笔捐款并不能保证捐赠国期望的结果。
There are quite a few ways that foreign aid programs go wrong,
对外援助项目出问题的方式有很多,
including when countries don't coordinate their aid,
包括受援国不能整合他们的援助,
when they don't involve the recipient country in figuring out how to allocate the money,
捐助国不能参与受援国的资金分配,
and when the recipient country is run by corrupt leaders, who don't use the aid for its intended goals.
以及被腐败的领导人统治的受援国不把援助用于其预期目标。
Some economists say foreign aid actually encourages corruption, by helping keep bad governments in power.
一些经济学家说,对外援助实际助长了腐败,因为它帮助腐败政府继续执政。
As for whether or not international aid can actually encourage long-term-economic-growth in poor countries,
至于国际援助是否真能鼓励贫穷国家经济长期增长,
economists are divided on that. Some say it doesn't.
经济学家们对此意见不一。有些人认为不能。
Others think aid can help foster growth in countries with good macroeconomic policies are already in place.
一些人认为,援助可以帮助那些宏观经济政策良好的国家实现增长。
And others are even more optimistic saying aid encourages growth period.
而另一些人则更为乐观,认为援助会促进经济增长。
I think we can call that debate "unsettled."
我认为这个辩论未有结果。
And even what seems like a non-controversial idea,
即使看似没有争议的想法,
like sending food into a country suffering from famine, has detractors.
比如把食物送到遭受饥荒的国家,也有批评者。
Economists argue that food aid increases the local supply of food,
经济学家认为,粮食援助会增加当地的粮食供应,
which reduces the cost of food, and hurts local farmers.
降低粮食成本,损害到当地农民。
So, in theory, lower prices could lower food production.
从理论上讲,较低的价格可能会降低粮食产量。
Which is exactly what you don't want in a famine.
而这正是饥荒中的人们不需要的。
Luckily, for those who like to feel good about helping out in the world,
幸运的是,对于那些喜欢乐于助人的人来说,
there's research showing foreign aid can be a positive force.
研究表明对外援助是一种积极力量。
Especially in the field of public health:
特别是在公共卫生领域:
Public health aid has nearly eradicated the parasitic Guinea Worm in sub-Saharan Africa.
公共卫生援助几乎根除了撒哈拉以南非洲的寄生虫。
In 1986, there were 3.5 million cases of Guinea Worm reported.
1986年,报告的麦地那龙线虫病例有350万例。
In 2015, there were 126 cases.
2015年只剩126例了。
All thanks to a program of education about simple water treatment and medical practices that stop the spread of the parasite.
这多亏了一项简单的水处理教育计划和阻止寄生虫传播的医学实践。
According to the World Health Organization, between 2000 and 2015,
根据世界卫生组织的数据,从2000年到2015年,
the number of new cases of malaria fell by more than a third.
新增疟疾病例下降数超过了三分之一。
Malaria death rates fell 60% during the same years.
同一年,疟疾死亡率下降了60%。
Between 2000 and 2015, new HIV infections are down 35%.
从2000年到2015年,新感染艾滋病病毒的人数下降了35%。
AIDS related deaths have fallen by nearly a quarter.
与艾滋病相关的死亡人数下降了近四分之一。
The WHO estimates 7.8 million lives have been saved.
世界卫生组织估计,780万人的生命被挽救了。
We've been talking a lot about government aid to foreign countries so far,
到目前为止,我们一直在谈论政府对外国的援助,
but there are lots of other ways money goes from one country to help people in others.
但是资金还有很多其他方式从一个国家流出来帮助他国的人民。
Like remittances. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
比如汇款。我们来看“Thought Bubble”。
Remittances are basically the money that migrants and immigrants send to their home country.
汇款基本上是指移民寄回本国的钱。
Turns out this happens a lot. And a lot of money gets sent home.
事实证明这种情况经常发生,很多钱被寄回了家。
In 2013, by the UN's count, there were 230 million people living outside the country they were born in.
2013年,据联合国统计,有2.3亿人生活在国外。
And all that movement bumps up world incomes, by letting workers move to places they might make more money.
通过让工人移民到赚钱多的地方,能提高世界的收入,
Once they start making more money, many immigrants start sending some of that money back to their families.
许多移民一旦开始赚到更多的钱,就把一部分钱寄给他们的家庭。
The World Bank says total global remittance flows were 542 billion dollars in 2013.
世界银行声称,2013年的全球汇款总额为5420亿美元。
404 billion dollars of that went to developing countries.
其中4040亿美元流向了发展中国家。
That's more than three times the size of government foreign aid assistance.
这是政府对外援助规模的三倍多。
And who's getting all that money?
谁能得到这么多钱?
70 billion dollars in remittances went to India.
700亿美元的汇款流向了印度。
60 billion dollars went to China, 25 billion dollars went to the Philippines and 22 billion dollars were sent to Mexico.
600亿美元流向中国,250亿美元流向菲律宾,220亿美元流向墨西哥。
In Tajikistan, remittances are equal to more than 40% of the country's GDP.
在塔吉克斯坦,汇款占该国GDP的40%以上。
Remittances were equal to about quarter of GDP in Nepal and Moldova.
在尼泊尔和摩尔多瓦,汇款大概相当于GDP的四分之一。
And according to the World Bank, remittances can have a significantly positive effect on the home country, where the money is going,
根据世界银行的说法,汇款可以对其接收国产生显著的积极影响,
leading to a reduction in poverty, larger health and education expenditures, better access to technology and less child labor.
它能够减少贫困,增加卫生和教育支出,更容易接触技术,减少童工。
But not everyone is convinced.
但并不是每个人都信服。
There are economists who warn that remittances can foster a dependency on outside money.
一些经济学家警告说,汇款可能会助长对外部资金的依赖。
That they dis-incentivize growth in the home economy.
它们会抑制国内经济的增长。
And make it overly susceptible to the global economy.
并使其对全球经济过于敏感。
There's also widespread concern about the rates that immigrants pay to send remittances.
人们还普遍担心移民支付汇款的汇率。
On average, migrants around the world pay 8.4% to send money home.
平均来说,世界各地的移民寄钱回家的汇率是8.4%。
Some countries are trying to push that down to 5%, which could save migrants around 14 billion dollars a year.
有些国家正试图将这一数字降至5%,这可能每年为移民节省大约140亿美元。
Thanks Thought Bubble.
感谢“Thought Bubble”。
There's another significant source of help for developing countries,
发展中国家还有另一个重要的资助来源,
money from non-profit organizations and intergovernmental organizations.
即来自非营利组织和国际组织的资金。
You've likely heard of some of these:
你可能听说过其中一些组织的名称:
UNICEF, Red Cross, Red Crescent, the World Food Programme, Doctors Without Borders, Oxfam.
联合国儿童基金会、红十字会、红新月会、世界粮食计划署、无国界医生组织、乐施会。
The list is much, much longer.
这个名单还很长很长。
These organizations gather money from individuals, corporations and from governments,
这些组织从个人、公司和政府那里募集资金,
and provide humanitarian aid and disaster relief around the world.
并在世界各地提供人道主义援助和救灾。
There are also thousands of smaller charities that promise to give foreign aid.
还有数以千计的小型慈善机构承诺提供对外援助。
According to a study by the Urban Institute, in the U.S. alone, there are 5600 nonprofits that work internationally.
城市研究所的一项研究表明,仅美国就有5600个国际非营利组织。
That sounds like a lot, until you consider they make up only about 2% of all nonprofit organizations in the US,
听起来很多,但你要知道它们只占美国所有非营利组织的2%,
and gather 2% of the revenue of the charitable nonprofit sector.
收入只占慈善非营利部门收入的2%。
It's probably worth noting here that there's a difference between public charities and private foundations.
这里可能值得注意的是,公共慈善机构和私人基金会是有区别的。
Both are both tax-exempt charitable organizations under the U.S. tax code.
根据美国税法,这两种组织都是免税的慈善组织。
Public charities get a bigger portion of their support from the general public and the government.
公共慈善机构从公众和政府那里获得较大支持。
Private foundations are typically controlled by a small group of people,
私人基金会通常由一小群人控制,
and get most of their support from a small number of donors and investment money.
并从少数捐赠者和投资资金中获得大部分支持。
Because private foundations are less beholden to the public, they are more likely to support agendas they want.
因为私人基金会不那么依赖公众,他们更有可能支持自己想要的议程。
Even if they don't have widespread social support.
即使它们没有广泛的社会支持。
With any charity that asks for your money, you should do your homework,
如果慈善机构向你要钱,你应该做好功课,
and make sure it actually does what it says it will do with donations.
确保资金像它说得那样用于捐赠。
There are plenty of fraudulent or just poorly managed charitable organizations out there.
现在有很多欺诈或管理不善的慈善组织。
So, next time there is a disaster overseas and you want to send money, read up before you text 100 dollars to an organization.
所以,下次海外发生灾难,你想捐钱时,先研读一下组织的资料再发100美元的短信。
And make sure that organization is going to use the money to actually do some good.
确保该组织会用这些钱去做好事。
There are websites like charity navigator and guidestar that make this easy.
有一些网站,比如慈善导航网和指南星会让这个过程变得容易。
Which brings us to a last point before we finish up.
这就引出了最后一点。
There are plenty examples out there of wasted foreign aid. Of bad-actor charities.
有很多对外援助浪费的例子,比如糟糕的慈善机构。
But try not to let that make you too cynical about helping out, both as a taxpayer and as a philanthropist.
但作为一个纳税人和慈善家,尽量不要让它影响你在帮助别人的时候变得太愤世嫉俗。
There are programs and organizations that do good and save lives.
有些项目和组织会做善事,拯救生命。
There are ways to actually help people who need help around the world.
很多方法确实可以帮助世界各地需要帮助的人。
All right. Thanks for watching. See you next week.
今天就是这些内容,感谢您的收看,我们下期见。
Thanks for watching Crash Course Economics,
感谢您收看经济速成班,
which is made by all these nice people, who are also completely shocked by the size of remittance flows.
它是由这些好心人帮助制作的,他们完全被汇款规模震惊到了。
You can help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever by supporting the show at Patreon.
你可以通过支持Patron上的节目帮助速成班永远免费对所有人开放。
Patreon is a voluntary subscription service
Patreon是个自愿订阅服务的平台,
where you help make the show with your monthly contribution, and you get rewards!
你可以每月捐助帮助节目制作。你也能得到奖励!
Thanks for watching. Don't forget to research your charitable contributions.
感谢您的收看,不要忘了研究你的慈善捐款。

重点单词   查看全部解释    
encourage [in'kʌridʒ]

想一想再看

vt. 鼓励,促进,支持

联想记忆
assistance [ə'sistəns]

想一想再看

n. 帮助,援助

 
foster ['fɔstə]

想一想再看

vt. 养育,培养,促进,鼓励,抱有(希望等)

联想记忆
widespread ['waidspred]

想一想再看

adj. 分布(或散布)广的,普遍的

 
poverty ['pɔvəti]

想一想再看

n. 贫困,贫乏

 
security [si'kju:riti]

想一想再看

n. 安全,防护措施,保证,抵押,债券,证券

 
fraudulent ['frɔ:djulənt]

想一想再看

adj. 欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的

 
debate [di'beit]

想一想再看

n. 辩论,讨论
vt. 争论,思考

联想记忆
intended [in'tendid]

想一想再看

adj. 故意的,有意的;打算中的 n. 已订婚者 v.

联想记忆
cooperation [kəu.ɔpə'reiʃən]

想一想再看

n. 合作,协作

联想记忆

发布评论我来说2句

    最新文章

    可可英语官方微信(微信号:ikekenet)

    每天向大家推送短小精悍的英语学习资料.

    添加方式1.扫描上方可可官方微信二维码。
    添加方式2.搜索微信号ikekenet添加即可。