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Whether it's classical, pop, jazz, or hip-hop, almost everyone likes some form of music.
不论是古典音乐、流行乐、爵士还是嘻哈，大家几乎都喜欢某些类型的音乐。
But our appreciation of rhythm and rhyme might not be unique.
但是我们对节奏和韵律的欣赏并非是独特的。
Decades of research have hinted that animals may also be music lovers.
几十年的研究暗示动物或许也是音乐爱好者。
And further study of how different species respond to music may help us to understand how, and why,
关于不同物种对音乐不同反应的进一步研究或许能帮助我们理解怎样以及为什么
the ability to perceive and appreciate music evolved in us.
认知和欣赏音乐的能力在人类身上得以进化。
There's no doubt that, to us, music is different from other sounds, you know it when you hear it.
毫无疑问，对人类而言，音乐和其他声音不同。
That 'musical sense' is called musicality. And it seems that even animals very, very distantly related to us have it, too.
那种‘乐感’被称为音感。似乎甚至与人类相差甚远的动物也有乐感。
One group of intrepid researchers tested whether Nile crocodiles could tell the difference between music and simple sounds.
一组无畏的研究人员测试了尼罗河鳄鱼是否能辨别音乐和简单声音的区别。
They used a brain imaging technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI,
他们利用脑成像技术—机能性磁共振成像（fMRI），
which uses the blood flow in different areas of the brain to estimate activity.
这种技术利用大脑不同区域的血流评估活跃度。
Now, if you're wondering how you get a crocodile to kindly sit in a big ole machine while you scan its brain,
现在，如果你想知道如何让一只鳄鱼优雅地坐在ole机器上，让你给它扫描大脑的话，
well, these were juveniles less than a meter long.
好吧，那些是不足一米长的小鳄鱼。
They were also lightly sedated and wearing a special helmet so they didn't move their heads too much.
它们还安静地戴着一个特别的头盔，这样它们就不会乱动脑袋了。
And incredibly, the researchers did see different patterns of brain activity when the crocodiles listened to Bach as opposed to random chords,
让人难以置信的是，研究人员确实发现了听巴赫的鳄鱼和听随机节奏的鳄鱼，它们大脑活跃度的不同模式，
suggesting the music sounded different to them.
这意味着这些音乐对它们是不同的。
And many animals can go a step further and actually distinguish between different genres of music.
很多动物甚至可以真正地区别音乐的不同流派。
Pigeons can be trained to peck one key if they hear an organ piece by Bach and a different key if they hear an orchestral piece by Stravinsky.
鸽子经过训练后可以在听到巴赫的音乐时啄一个键，如果听到斯特拉温斯基的管弦乐时，啄另一个不同的键。
And even fish can tell blues from Bach. Apparently everyone likes testing with Bach.
即使是鱼也可以从巴赫的音乐中辨别出蓝调。很显然，每个人都喜欢用巴赫的音乐做测试。
But this doesn't tell us whether or not they actually like music.
但是这并不能告诉我们它们是否真的喜欢音乐。
To get at that, researchers have looked more closely at how animals react to melodies and beats.
为了弄清楚这一点，研究人员更密切地观察了动物对旋律和节奏的反应。
In one study, scientists actually created music specifically for cats by using sliding frequencies, a common feature of cat vocalizations,
在一项研究中，科学家利用滑频滤波、猫咪发音的普遍特征
and setting the tempo to the same number of beats per minute as purring.
以及设置和喵喵声节奏相同的速度，专门为猫咪创造了音乐。
The cats were more likely to turn towards and approach speakers which were playing the special cat music than those playing regular music,
相比那些演奏普通音乐的人，猫咪更喜欢面对并接近那些弹奏特殊猫咪音乐的人，
suggesting they preferred the feline remix.
这表明它们更喜欢猫一样的混音。
And just like us, animals seem to find some types of music more relaxing than others.
和人类一样，动物似乎喜欢更轻松的音乐。
For example, a 2012 study found 117 kenneled dogs slept more and spent less time barking when played classical music.
例如，一项2012年的研究发现，在播放古典音乐的时候，117只狗舍的狗狗更喜欢睡觉，而不是汪汪叫。
Heavy metal, on the other hand, seemed to make them more anxious.
而另一方面，重金属音乐似乎让它们更焦虑。
And studies in primates, elephants, birds, and rodents have all found that at least some kinds of music can chill them out,
对灵长类动物、大象、鸟类以及啮齿动物的研究都发现至少某些音乐会让它们冷静下来，
promote social activities like grooming, or reduce nervous or aggressive behaviors.
促进社会活动，如梳理，或是减少紧张或攻击行为。
But being relaxed by something doesn't necessarily mean you enjoy it.
但是能够让你放轻松并不意味着你喜欢这个东西。
Perhaps the most convincing evidence that animals actually like music comes from studies that let them freely choose what to listen to.
或许能证明动物喜欢音乐最让人信服的证据来自于那些让动物自由选择音乐的研究。
In a 2007 study, when monkeys were allowed to pick between different types of music by moving to different parts of a chamber,
在2007年的一项研究中，让猴子通过移动箱子的不同部分来选择不同类型的音乐，
they chose lullabies over techno. But if given the option, they preferred silence.
它们选择摇篮曲而不是科技舞曲。但是如果有选择，它们更喜欢安静。
That led researchers to conclude that our relatives just don't like music.
这让研究人员的出结论，我们的亲戚并不喜欢音乐。
But some scientists have since pointed out that most studies use Western genres, and there are a lot of other types of music out there.
但是一些科学家指出，多数研究使用西方流派，还有很多其他的音乐类型。
So in a 2014 study, researchers played three kinds of international music just outside of a large chimpanzee enclosure.
所以一项2014年的研究中，研究人员在一个黑猩猩牢笼外弹奏了三种世界音乐。
The 16 study chimps apparently liked West African akan music and North Indian raga music,
16只研究黑猩猩显然喜欢西非阿坎音乐以及北印度拉格，
spending much more time near the speaker when they were playing.
它们会花更多时间当在这些人身边听他们弹奏。
But they were pretty lukewarm about Japanese taiko music, it was a toss up between that and silence.
但是它们对日本太鼓相当冷淡，在太鼓和沉默之间难以定夺。
Taken together, the science suggests that animals, especially mammals, do have some musical preferences.
总体看来，科学暗示动物，尤其是哺乳动物确实有些音乐偏好。
But why do animals like music at all? The answer to that is still a bit of a mystery.
但是动物为什么喜欢音乐呢？答案仍是个谜。
In fact, we don't even really know why humans like music!
事实上，我们甚至不知道为什么人类喜欢音乐！
Scientists have a lot of theories about the evolution of musicality.
科学家有很多关于音感进化的理论。
Some think that musicality may be related to our time in the womb.
一些科学家认为音感或许与人类呆在子宫中的时间有关。
The idea is that we like steady beats and vocalizations because they remind us of our mother's heartbeat and her voice.
这种想法即，我们喜欢稳定节奏和发声，因为它们能让我们想起母亲的心跳和声音。
This would perhaps explain music preference in mammals, but it's less of a satisfying answer for the egg-laying groups like birds.
这或许能解释哺乳动物的音乐喜好，但是还是无法合理解释鸟类这种卵生动物。
So other researchers think it might have more to do with the importance of understanding vocalizations.
所以其他研究人员认为这或许和理解发声的重要性更相关。
Early humans may have used music-like calls to communicate,
早期人类或许利用音乐般的鸣声进行交流，
so being better able to understand the meaning of calls by picking up on subtleties in tone and rhythm could have increased a person's odds of survival.
所以通过注意语调和节奏中的微妙以更好地理解这些呼唤的意义，这样能够增加一个人生存的机率。
And that could even explain why we find music pleasurable,
这甚至能够解释我们为什么会觉得音乐令人舒畅，
since our brain's reward system is all about promoting things that keep us alive and reproducing.
因为我们大脑的奖赏系统都是关于促进那些让我们保持活力和繁育的事物。
This hypothesis would also explain why primates and birds have musicality, they also communicate with vocalizations a lot.
这种假设也能解释为什么灵长类动物和鸟类拥有音感，它们也常用鸣声交流。
And it might even mean there are musical preferences throughout the animal kingdom.
这甚至意味着动物王国中音乐偏好的存在。
After all, there are species of fish and even insects that communicate with sound.
毕竟，有些鱼类，甚至昆虫可以用声音交流。
But ultimately, the origins of our love of music may remain a mystery, as such hypotheses are difficult to test empirically.
但最后，我们喜爱音乐的源泉或许仍是一谜，因为这种假设很难进行测试。
Fortunately, we don't have to know why musical enjoyment evolved in humans, or in our furry and feathered friends, to be able to rock out together.
幸运的是，我们不必知道为什么音乐的喜爱会在人类中进化，只要大家能一起嗨。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
感谢收看本期《科学秀》！
If you want to better understand why we like certain kinds of music,
如果你想更好的理解为什么我们喜欢某种类型的音乐，
you might want to check out our episode on why we prefer some combinations of notes over others.
你或许会想看看我们关于人类为什么偏爱某些调子的组合的视频。
