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Hi, I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course Government and Politics and today we're gonna talk about government.
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》。今天我们要讨论的是政府。
I know what you're thinking,
我知道你们在想什么，
“Craig we're been talking about government for thirteen weeks.”
“克雷格，我们谈论政府已经有13个星期了。”
To that I say, you got me, but let's talk about actual governing, in particular the executive branch tools and strategies that the president uses to try to get things done.
我想说的是，你说对了，但是今天我们来谈谈实际管理，特别是行政部门的工具和策略，总统用这些工具和策略来完成任务。
I mean, the president's just one person, for now -- --
我的意思是，总统现在只是一个人——
who knows what sort of animal-human hybrid will be president in the future –
谁知道将来总统会是哪种动物和人类的混合体
but there's a lot of presidenting to be done in the United States.
但是在美国有很多的总统工作要做。
So we usually just talk about the president as if he's the entire executive branch, but obviously there's more to it than that.
所以我们通常只谈论总统，就好像他是整个行政部门一样，但显然还有更多的事情要做。
Technically, the entire federal bureaucracy is part of the executive branch, but it's really big and complicated.
从技术上说，整个联邦官僚机构都是行政部门的一部分，但它真的又庞大又复杂。
For today, let's just look at the top-levels.
今天，让我们来看看顶级球员。
The big-wigs.
大人物。
The Hank Greens.
汉克·格林们。
The head honchos.
老板们。
The ones that deal most directly with the president.
最直接与总统打交道的人。
Hank Green doesn't work for the Government.
汉克·格林不为政府工作。
At the top of the organizational pyramid is the president, of course,
在组织金字塔的顶端当然是总统，
and I suppose just below him is the vice president, ready to break a tie in the Senate,
我认为在他下面的是副总统，准备打参议院破僵局，
or step in if the president dies, or go to a shopping mall opening on behalf of the president.
或者在总统去世时介入，或者代表总统去购物中心。
To paraphrase Truman's desk, the buck stops with the president, meaning he has the ultimate decision in important matters and therefore takes the blame when they go wrong.
套用杜鲁门的说法，责任止于总统，这意味着在重要问题上，他拥有最终决定权，因此当问题出现时，他要承担责任。
George W. Bush once called himself the decider, and there's a lot of truth to that description,
乔治•W•布什曾称自己为决策者，这种说法有很多道理，
but many, probably most, policy decisions are made at lower levels, because there are just too many of them for the president to make them all.
但很多政策决策都是在较低级别制定的，因为决策太多，总统无法做出所有决策。
The president is served directly by the White House Staff, which is made up mostly of trusted policy and political advisors called “special assistants”
白宫的工作人员直接为总统服务，白宫的工作人员主要由被称为“特别助理”的可信赖的政策和政治顾问组成。
Special assistant, I need more coffee!
特别助理，我还要咖啡！
Other than television versions, we don't see much of the White House staff,
除了电视版本，我们很少看到白宫的工作人员，
except for the press secretary, who's the public spokesperson for the president, and maybe the Chief of Staff can be a public figure as well.
除了总统的公共发言人新闻秘书，也许参谋长也可以成为公众人物。
Next in terms of proximity to the president and influence on his decisions is the Executive Office of the President.
从与总统的亲近程度和对总统决策的影响来看，总统行政办公室是其次。
It's staffed by various advisers and policy experts.
它由各种顾问和政策专家组成。
They're selected by the president and his office rather than by rising through the ranks of government employment, or they're chosen for political reasons like many cabinet secretaries.
他们是由总统和他的办公室选出的，而不是通过政府职位的上升来选出的，或者是像许多内阁部长那样出于政治原因而选择他们。
The officials in the EOP give important advice to the president on specified topics.
总统行政办公室的官员就特定的话题向总统提出重要建议。
Although there are a lot of different departments in the EOP, probably the most important are the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisors, and the Office of Management and Budget, the OMB.
虽然总统行政办公室有很多不同的部门，但最重要的可能是国家安全委员会、经济顾问委员会、管理和预算办公、管理预算办公室。
The Cabinet used to be very important in advising the president, and still can be, but that depends on the president.
内阁过去在为总统提供建议方面非常重要，现在仍然可以，但这取决于总统。
Some presidents rely a lot on the heads of Cabinet departments, and usually the Secretary of State and the Secratary of Defence play a significant role in the administration, especially if there's a lot of foreign policy issues to deal with.
一些总统非常依赖内阁部门的领导，通常国务卿和国防部长在政府中扮演着重要的角色，特别是当有很多外交政策问题需要处理的时候。
The Cabinet secretaries tend to become prominent when bad things happen.
当糟糕的事情发生时，内阁大臣们往往会变得引人注目。
For example in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Treasury Secretary was in the news a lot.
例如，在2008年金融危机之后，财政部长经常出现在新闻中。
You sometimes hear a lot about the Attorney General, who heads the Justice Department when civil rights issues crop up, like same-sex marriage or affirmative action.
当民权问题突然出现时，比如同性婚姻或平权法案，你有时会听到很多关于司法部的负责人——司法部长的事情。
And if there's a terrorist threat, you might be seeing a lot more of the Secretary of Homeland Security.
如果存在恐怖主义威胁，你可能会看到更多的国土安全部部长。
There are also independent agencies and government corporations, which, historically speaking are relatively new, with the exception of the postal service.
还有一些独立的机构和政府公司，从历史上看，它们是相对较新的，除了邮政服务。
The postal service is one of the oldest functioning government agencies, although it's now a government corporation, which means it's supposed to earn money and be self-funding.
邮政服务是最古老的政府机构之一，尽管它现在是一个政府公司，这意味着它应该赚钱并自给自足。
My fiancee's dad worked for the postal service so...postal workers are awesome, sir.
我未婚妻的爸爸在邮局工作所以…邮政人员真棒，先生。
Sadly, the postal office isn't doing that great financially, so buy a stamp once in a while!
遗憾的是，邮局在经济上没有那么好，所以偶尔买张邮票吧!
Send a letter to an old friend or something.
给老朋友写封信什么的。
How else are you going to send it without the post office? An eagle? No.
如果没有邮局，你怎么寄?鹰吗?不。
Amtrak is the other well-known government corporation and it isn't profitable either.
美铁Amtrak是另一家知名的政府公司，也没有盈利。
How else are you gonna get around?
你还能做些什么?
The eagle isn't big enough to take you.
鹰不够大，带不走你。
Unless you're Gandalf.
除非你是甘道夫。
Independent agencies and regulatory commissions appear in the news a lot, usually in stories buried in the back pages, or whatever the digital equivalent of the back pages are.
独立机构和监管委员会经常出现在新闻中，通常是隐藏在幕后的故事，或任何数字版的幕后故事。
Your uncle's blog? But they're rarely called independent agencies.
你叔叔的博客吗?但他们很少被称为独立机构。
NASA's probably the best known independent agency, because everyone knows space travel is awesome.
美国国家航空航天局可能是最有名的独立机构，因为每个人都知道太空旅行是很棒的。
Watch Crash Course Astronomy as well as Sci Show Space.
观看天文学速成班和少儿空间秀。
But for now keep watching Government and Politics, thanks.
但现在继续关注政府和政治，谢谢。
But other more down-to-earth agencies include the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Federal Communications Commission.
但其他更务实的机构包括联邦贸易委员会、证券交易委员会和联邦通信委员会。
It's easy to remember those three are regulatory commissions, because they have the word 'commission' built right in, so that's helpful.
很容易记住这三个是监管委员会，因为他们有“委员会”这个词，所以这很有用。
And for most of us, even if we don't realize it, the most important independent federal agency is the Federal Reserve System, which manages banking and monetary policy,
对我们大多数人来说，我们没有意识到，最重要的独立的联邦机构是管理银行和货币政策的美联储系统。
and which will get its own episode later, because it's really important and kind of mysterious.
之后会有它自己的情节，因为它真的很重要而且有点神秘。
Will I get my own episode later?
稍后我会有自己的一集吗?
How Craig relates to the government? I'm kind of mysterious.
克雷格与政府的关系如何?我有点神秘。
So that's the structure of the executive branch, more or less.
这就是行政部门的结构。
These agencies are the tools that the government has to make policy and to implement it.
这些机构是政府制定政策和实施政策的工具。
They are the heart and soul of actual governing but they aren't all that fun, especially when you look at what strategies the president uses to actually govern.
它们是实际治理的核心和灵魂，但它们并不是那么有趣，尤其是当你看到总统实际治理国家的策略时。
Political scientists will tell you, and I'm not gonna argue with them, they're scientists, they went to college, that the president has three main strategies at his disposal: Party leadership, mobilizing public opinion, and administrative strategies.
政治科学家会告诉你，总统有三个主要的策略可供选择：党的领导、动员公众舆论、和行政策略。我不会和他们争论，他们是科学家，他们上过大学。
One of these is much more important than the other two.
其中一个比另外两个重要得多。
Which one is it, can you guess?
你能猜到是哪一个吗?
Which one?
哪一个？
It's not party leadership, but the president is the leader of his political party and can use it to create and manage policy, especially in Congress, where party matters a lot.
它不是政党领导，但总统是他政党的领导人，可以利用它来制定和管理政策，尤其是在国会，在国会，政党很重要。
The president usually appoints members of his own party to head agencies.
总统通常任命自己政党的成员担任各机构的负责人。
And once appointed, party affiliation doesn't matter much to an agency head, because it’s not running for office.
一旦被任命，党籍对一个机构负责人来说并不重要，因为它不竞选公职。
Control of the party makes it easier for the president to get choices through congress though.
不过，对政党的控制使总统更容易通过国会获得选择。
This strategy doesn't work when there's divided government,
这种策略在政府分裂的情况下不起作用，
but when one party controls both chambers of Congress and the White House, it's easier for the president to use his position as party leader as leverage to accomplish his policy goals When they're in different parties? Not so much.
但是，当一个政党控制了国会两院和白宫时，总统更容易利用他作为政党领袖的地位作为杠杆，来实现他在不同政党中的政策目标?并非如此。
Hoo, it's more like this.
呃，更像这样。
That was my third eagle punch of the video.
这是我在视频中的第三次雄鹰出击。
Hat trick!
帽子戏法
Mobilizing public opinion is also not the most important tool in the president's toolbox, but going public is what I'm going to talk about right now.
在总统的工具箱里，动员公众舆论也不是最重要的工具，但公开是我现在要谈论的话题。
The president's access to the media is almost limitless.
总统接触媒体的机会几乎是无限的。
Now that doesn't mean he gets free Netflix, although he might, especially if he just shares a log-in with the vice president or something.
现在这并不意味着他可以免费使用Netflix，尽管他可能会，尤其是如果他只是和副总裁或者其他什么人用一个登录账号的话。
But, if he wants a press conference, or a speech on national TV, he gets it.
但是，如果他想要一个新闻发布会，或者在国家电视台上发表演讲，他就会如愿以偿。
This use of the media is sometimes called the bully pulpit, and it sounds like a big policy stick, but it has a downside.
这种对媒体的利用有时被称为“天字第一号讲坛”，这听起来像是一种大的政策大棒，但也有弊端。
Basically, it's not really gonna work if the president isn't popular, and his approval rating almost always declines the longer he is in office
从根本上说，如果总统不受欢迎的话，这是行不通的，而且他的支持率几乎总是随着他执政时间的延长而下降
This leaves us the third tool that the president can use to get things done, administrative strategy.
这就给我们留下了总统可以用来完成任务的第三个工具，行政战略。
Yes, that's the most important one, using administrative agencies to make and carry out policies.
是的，这是最重要的一点，利用行政机构制定和执行政策。
Hoo-hah, yeah!
Hoo-hah,耶!
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
让我们进入思想泡泡。
There are a number of ways that the president can use his administrative offices to bring about the objectives he wants.
总统可以通过多种方式利用他的行政办公室实现他想要的目标。
Over time the president has expanded the size and capacities of the executive office of the president, especially since the New Deal.
随着时间的推移，总统扩大了总统行政办公室的规模和能力，特别是自罗斯福新政以来。
This enlarged EOP gathers information about policies, plans programs, communicates with constituents, including Congress and interest groups and it can supervise other agencies and check up on how they're working.
扩大后的EOP收集有关政策、计划项目、选民沟通，包括国会和利益集团，它可以监督并检查其他机构。
One of the most important examples of this is the expanded reach of the office of management and budget, or OMB, to plan the budget and exercise huge influence over how government money is spent.
其中一个最重要的例子就是管理和预算办公室扩大了对预算的规划和对政府资金的使用方式的巨大影响力。
Another administrative strategy that the president can use is regulatory review.
总统可以使用的另一个行政策略是监管审查。
Federal agencies are usually required to make rules for how they operate.
联邦机构通常被要求为如何运作制定规则。
The president's office can review these rules, make suggestions, or even order agencies to adopt certain rules.
总统办公室可以审查这些规则，提出建议，甚至命令机构采纳某些规则。
This can have enormous direct and indirect influence over how the rule is implemented.
这可能对规则的执行产生巨大的直接和间接影响。
To give an example, president Bill Clinton ordered the FDA to make rules so that tobacco companies couldn't advertise to children,
举个例子，比尔·克林顿总统下令食品及药物管理局制定规则，禁止烟草公司向儿童做广告，
so you don't see cigarette ads on kids' TV, or any TV actually, and that's why teenagers never smoke, ever.
所以你不会在儿童频道或是任何频道上看到儿童抽烟，这就是为什么青少年从不抽烟的原因。
They just ride their heelies around and play Pokémon.
他们只是穿着轮滑鞋在玩《口袋妖怪》（掌机游戏）。
The president can also try to influence the way a law is implemented by issuing a signing statement when he signs a bill into law.
总统还可以在签署法案成为法律时发表签署声明，试图影响法律的实施方式。
This is the White House's interpretation of what the law means and they become a part of the legislative history that courts can use if the laws are challenged,
这是白宫对法律含义的解释，它们成为立法历史的一部分，如果法律受到挑战，法院可以启用。
although it's not clear that they have any real legal weight, and they might violate separation of powers because courts are supposed to decide what a law means, not the president.
虽然还不清楚是否具有真正的法律效力，而且可能违反分权制度，因为法院应该决定法律的含义，而不是总统。
The most important administrative strategy that the president has at his disposal is the executive order.
总统掌握的最重要的行政策略是行政命令。
These are presidential directives that have the force of law and presidents have used them for major policies that would have been difficult to get through Congress.
这些是总统的指令，具有法律效力，总统们用它们来制定重大政策，而这些政策很难在国会获得通过。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
When I say that executive action has been used to push through major policies, I mean MAJOR policies,
当我说行政行动被用来推行重大政策时，我指的是重大政策，
like purchasing Louisiana, annexing Texas, emancipating the slaves, interning Japanese Americans during WWII, desegregating the army, creating the peace corps, and implementing affirmative action.
比如购买路易斯安那、吞并德克萨斯、解放奴隶、二战期间关押日裔美国人，废除军队隔离，建立和平队，实施平权行动。
Presidents increasingly rely on administrative strategies for a number of reasons, but especially because they work.
总统越来越多地依赖于行政策略，原因有很多，尤其是因为它们有效。
Administrative strategies usually happen outside of the public eye, which makes it easier for the president to act Courts usually defer to administrative actions, especially in the area of national defense.
行政策略通常发生在公众视线之外，这使得总统更容易采取行动，法院通常服从行政行为，特别是在国防领域。
And administrative action can be much more efficient than having to wait for a majority of 535 members of Congress to agree on something, especially if it's something important.
行政行动要比等待535名国会议员的多数同意更有效，尤其是在重要的事情上。
But the increasingly large and powerful executive branch is controversial, and critics have worried about the growing power of the president since FDR, or maybe even since Jackson.
但是，越来越大、越来越强大的行政部门是有争议的，批评人士担心，罗斯福以来，甚至杰克逊之后，总统的权力会越来越大。
There's an argument that the founders of the country preferred a weak executive branch, and not because all that administration is expensive, but there are also a few arguments in favor of an expanded presidency that you should know about.
有一种观点认为，这个国家的开国者更喜欢一个软弱的行政部门，并不是因为所有的行政管理都是昂贵的，但也有一些支持扩大总统职位的观点，你应该知道。
The first is that in emergencies the nation needs a leader who can act fast, and the president is the best suited to be that leader.
第一，在紧急情况下，国家需要一位行动迅速的领导人，而总统是最适合成为这种领导人的人。
Maybe Captain America as well, but he's fictional.
也许美国队长也是，但他是虚构的。
Of course this could potentially give him an incentive to create emergencies and further increase his power, but how about let's not get cynical, ok?
当然，这可能会刺激他制造紧急事件并进一步增加他的权力，但我们不要变得愤世嫉俗，好吗?
The second argument holds that the president is more able to act in the public interest because he's the center of public attention and thus easily held accountable, and because he only has to run for re-election once.
第二种观点认为，总统更有能力为公众利益行事，因为他是公众关注的中心，因此很容易被追究责任，而且他只需要竞选连任一次。
The third argument in favor of a powerful president is that he is the only nationally elected official and thus the most democratic one.
支持强势总统的第三个理由是，他是唯一一位由全国选举产生的官员，因此也是最民主的一位。
The only nationally elected official? Really? What about errrr....oh yeah, you're right.
唯一的国家选举官员?真的吗?呃....呢是啊，你说得对。
The idea is that since most people pay attention to the presidential elections by choosing one person over another, the majority of the public is implicitly endorsing his policies.
因为大多数人通过选择一个人而不是另一个人来关注总统选举，所以大多数公众含蓄地支持他的政策。
I mean, everyone loves the president's policies.
我是说，每个人都喜欢总统的政策。
Everyone.
每个人
Do you buy it? I'm not sure that I do.
你认输吗?我不确定。
Maybe you do.
也许是的。
But, increasing the complexity of our understanding is kind of what we do here at Crash Course.
但是，增加我们理解的复杂性是我们在速成课上要做的。
Thanks for watching, I'll see you next time.
谢谢收看，下次再见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal.
美国政府对速成课程的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持利用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org Crash Course was made with the help of these presidents of the United States.
在这些美国总统的帮助下，在voqal.org的速成课程上了解更多关于他们的使命和倡议。
Thanks for watching.
感谢收看。
