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Hello, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government and Politics.
大家好，我是克雷格，这里是政府与政治速成班。
And today we're gonna talk about, well, mostly history.
今天我们主要讲历史。
Wait Stan, this isn't Crash Course History.
等等，斯坦，这不是历史速成课。
This must be some kind of exception, like the Mongols.
这肯定是个例外，就像蒙古人一样。
Apparently we're not stepping on anybody's toes by talking about the history of American political parties, as long as we stay away from history in general.
很明显，我们谈论美国政党的历史并没有冒犯任何人，只要我们远离历史。
Thank goodness, we wouldn't want to start a Crash Course interdisciplinary feud.
谢天谢地，我们不想开始一场跨学科的速成课。
Just kidding, I'm totally feuding with that Phil guy over at Astronomy.
开个玩笑，我和天文课上那个叫菲尔的家伙一直不和。
Political historians like to divide America into eras according to which parties were active at the time.
政治历史学家喜欢根据当时政党的活跃程度将美国划分为不同的时代。
These are called party systems, and there have been 5 or 6 of them depending on who you ask.
这些被称为政党制度，根据你提问的人不同，答案会有5到6个政党制度。
I want to say there were 6, but that's just me.
我想说有6个，但那只是我说的。
And some political scientists and historians.
还有一些政治学家和历史学家也这样说。
But mainly me, because I'm the important one here, and not Phil from Astronomy.
但主要是我，因为我是这里的重要人物，而不是天文学的菲尔。
There were no parties during the first elections under the new Constitution in 1788,
1788年新宪法规定的第一次选举中没有政党，
partly because the framers were afraid of parties, which Madison called factions,
部分原因是制宪者害怕党派，麦迪逊称之为派系，
and partly because there was universal agreement that the first president of the US should be George Washington.
部分原因是人们普遍认为，美国第一任总统应该是乔治·华盛顿(George Washington)。
And so he was.
他的确如此。
It was only after he retired after his second term that voters started to break into political factions and vote based on their ideological leanings.
直到他在第二任期结束后退休，选民才开始分裂成政治派别，根据他们的意识形态倾向投票。
Although, to call these factions parties is a bit of a stretch.
不过，把这些派系称为政党有点牵强。
Anyway, the first party system, which probably started in the 1796 election included the Federalists, who supported Washington's Vice-President John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans who supported Thomas Jefferson.
无论如何，第一个政党体系，可能始于1796年的选举，包括支持华盛顿副总统约翰·亚当斯的联邦党人，以及支持托马斯·杰斐逊的民主党-共和党人。
So, the Federalist political party was different than the group that worked to get the Constitution ratified, even though they were also called Federalists.
因此，联邦主义政党不同于争取宪法通过的团体，尽管他们也被称为联邦主义者。
And Alexander Hamilton was prominent in both groups.
亚历山大·汉密尔顿在这两组中都很突出。
What the two parties believed isn't so important for this series.
对于这个系列来说，双方的观点并不那么重要。
We talked about it in Crash Course US History, but overall the Federalists were supported by North-Eastern business elites, especially merchants who wanted closer ties with England, and those who generally wanted a stronger national government.
我们在美国历史速成课上讲过，但总的来说，联邦主义者得到了东北商界精英的支持，尤其是那些希望与英国建立更紧密关系的商人，以及那些希望建立更强大国家政府的人。
The Democratic-Republicans were more skeptical of national power, and, when push came to shove, favored the more revolutionary French.
民主党和共和党对国家权力持怀疑态度，当事态发展到紧要关头时，他们更倾向于支持更具革命性的法国人。
Ultimately, the Democratic-Republicans were way more successful.
最终，民主党和共和党取得了更大的成功。
They were dominant in the presidential contests of the time, as Jefferson in 1800 and 1804, Madison in 1808 and 1816, and Monroe in 1820 and 1824 were all Democratic-Republicans.
他们在当时的总统竞选中占据主导地位，1800年和1804年的杰斐逊、1808年和1816年的麦迪逊、1820年和1824年的门罗都是民主党和共和党人。
Monroe's elections kind of don't count though, as the Federalists weren't really a factor in national politics after 1815.
门罗的选举不算在内，因为联邦党人在1815年后并没有真正成为国家政治的一个因素。
In fact, the period between 1815 and 1824 is sometimes called “The Era of Good Feelings”.
事实上，1815年到1824年这段时间有时被称为“美好情感的时代”。
And that's how I like to refer to lunch every day.
这就是我喜欢说的每天午餐。
I just got back from a 45-minute Era of Good Feelings.
我刚从45分钟的美好时光中走出来。
Mmm, it was a burrito bowl. Yummy.
嗯，是玉米煎饼碗。美味的。
Sadly, the Era of Good Feelings came to an end with the election of 1824, which saw John Quincy Adams defeat Andrew Jackson in a bitter election that ended up being decided in the House of Representatives.
遗憾的是，随着1824年的大选，美好的感情时代走到了尽头，约翰昆西亚当斯在一场激烈的选举中击败了安德鲁杰克逊，这场选举最终由众议院决定。
Jackson, ever the gracious loser, decried the election as a “corrupt bargain,”
杰克逊一向是一位和蔼可亲的失败者，他谴责这次选举是一场“腐败的交易”，
and rode this angry sentiment to victory in the 1828 election.
在1828年的选举中，他凭借这种愤怒的情绪赢得了胜利。
Jackson was a divisive figure in a lot of ways, especially if you like the Supreme Court or Native Americans
杰克逊在很多方面都是一个有争议的人物，特别是如果你喜欢最高法院或印第安人
but, from our perspective, he's really useful, because his election helped to launch the second party system.
但是，从我们的角度来看，他真的很有用，因为他的当选帮助启动了第二党制度。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
让我们进入思想泡泡。
The new party, called the Whigs, started out as an anti-Jackson party.
新成立的辉格党一开始是一个反对杰克逊的政党。
They claimed Jackson was a tyrant, and they might have had a point.
他们声称杰克逊是一个暴君，他们也许有一定的道理。
The second Party System brought innovations to the political process, mostly in the party that opposed the Whigs.
第二党制度给政治进程带来了创新，主要是在反对辉格党内部。
The Democratic-Republicans re-branded themselves as the “Democrats”.
民主党-共和党人将自己重新命名为“民主党人”。
These Democrats, especially under the leadership of Jackson's Vice President, and future magnificently bewhiskered President, Martin Van Buren, introduced some of the features of politics that we still see today.
这些民主党人，尤其是在杰克逊的副总统的领导下，以及未来满脸胡须的总统马丁·范布伦，介绍了一些我们今天仍然能看到的政治特征。
They established a central party committee, state party organizations, and party newspapers.
他们成立了中央委员会、国家党组织和党报。
Okay so we don't have party newspapers anymore, because we don't really have newspapers anymore.
我们不再有党报了，因为我们已经没有报纸了。
The Democrats also established state and national conventions for nominating candidates.
民主党还建立了提名候选人的州和全国大会。
Before this, all candidates had been chosen by caucuses of party leaders, which is less, well, democratic.
在此之前，所有的候选人都是由党内领导人的党团会议选出的，这就不那么民主了。
The Whigs were generally less successful in national elections, but they introduced flair into politics in the campaign of 1840.
辉格党在全国选举中普遍不太成功，但他们在1840年的竞选中引入了政治天赋。
And we could all use a little more flair.
我们都可以多花点心思。
This was the first time a Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, won the presidency.
这是辉格党候选人威廉·亨利·哈里森第一次赢得总统大选。
And he introduced a great deal of political theater into running for office.
他在竞选公职时运用了大量的政治手段。
The Whigs held parades featuring a rolling model of a log cabin that Harrison supposedly grew up in (he didn't) and copious amounts of hard cider for supporters.
辉格党举行了游行，游行的特色是一个滚动的小木屋模型，哈里森应该是在这个小木屋里长大的(他没有)，并为支持者们提供了大量的烈性苹果汁。
It also featured a giant ball covered in campaign slogans that supposedly spawned the phrase “keep the ball rolling”,
它还以一个巨大的球为特色，球上覆盖着竞选口号，据说这句口号衍生出了“keep the ball rolling”，
and gave us the first campaign slogan with both rhyming and alliteration, “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”.
他给了我们第一个带有押韵和头韵的竞选口号“Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”。
So catchy it's still used to this day.
直到今天它仍然很吸引人。
I put it in my wedding vows, “Do you take this woman? I do... and Tippecanoe and Tyler, too.”
我把这句话写在结婚誓言里:“你愿意娶这个女人吗?”我愿意……还有Tippecanoe and Tyler。”
This came from Harrison's supposed status as the hero of the battle of Tippecanoe, which introduced another aspect into American politics -- the idea that successful candidates for president should, if at all possible, be war heroes.
哈里森被认为是蒂普卡诺战役的英雄，这给美国政治带来了另一个方面——如果可能的话，成功的总统候选人应该是战争英雄。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
Eventually, the issue of slavery pretty much destroyed the Whig party, and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ushered in the third party system.
最终，奴隶制问题几乎摧毁了辉格党，1860年亚伯拉罕·林肯的当选开创了第三党制度。
Lincoln ran and won as a Republican, and after 1860, the US basically settled into a two-party system with all elections basically between Democrats and Republicans.
林肯作为共和党人参选并获胜，1860年后，美国基本上形成了两党制度，所有的选举基本上都在民主党和共和党之间进行。
But over the years, the compositions of these parties, who supports each party, and what the party stands for changed enough that we think of those shifts as creating new party systems.
但是，多年来，这些政党的组成、支持每一个政党的人以及该党的主张发生了足够大的变化，我们认为这些变化创造了新的政党制度。
So the Republican party was originally a conglomeration of reformers who coalesced around being against slavery.
所以共和党最初是由反对奴隶制的改革者组成的。
Republicans have always been pro-business and have tried to associate themselves with liberty.
共和党人一直支持商业，并试图将自己与自由联系在一起。
In fact, one of their earliest rallying cries was “Free soil, free labor, free men.”
事实上，他们最早的集会口号之一就是“自由的土地，自由的劳动，自由的人”。
As viewers of the Crash Course US History video on Reconstruction know, it was a pretty pivotal and divisive time in American history.
参加过美国重建历史速成课程的人都知道，这是美国历史上一个非常关键和分裂的时期。
In terms of political parties though, this was when the Southern states all tilted towards the Democratic party, largely because Republicans were (correctly) seen as being responsible for ending slavery.
然而，就政党而言，那时南方各州都倾向于民主党，很大程度上是因为共和党(正确地)被视为终结奴隶制的责任所在。
Democrats during the third party system were a bit of an odd mix.
在第三党体制下，民主党是一个有点奇怪的混合体。
Their strength came from white, largely racist Southerners and working class immigrants in the north, many of whom gravitated to the Democrats
他们的力量来自以种族主义为主的南方白人和北方的工人阶级移民，其中许多人被民主党吸引
because the Republicans tended not to like immigrants or alcohol, and many Republican reforms in this era were designed to keep middle-class Protestant business elites in power.
因为共和党人往往不喜欢移民和酒精，而在这个时代，共和党的许多改革旨在让信奉新教的中产阶级商业精英继续掌权。
Another reason for Democrats' success in recruiting immigrant votes was that this was the era of political machines, which traded political appointments for support to win elections and maintain power.
民主党在吸引移民选票方面取得成功的另一个原因是，这是一个政治机器的时代，政治机器用政治任命来换取赢得选举和维持权力的支持。
The most famous of these machines tended to be in big cities with large immigrant populations like Boston and New York, and they were mostly Democratic, although there were Republican political machines too, mostly in the Midwest.
这些机器中最有名的往往是在人口众多的大城市，如波士顿和纽约，它们大多是民主党的，尽管也有共和党的政治机器，主要在中西部。
The supposed Democratic abuses of machines brought about electoral reforms like voter registration, secret ballots, requiring that voters be alive, and other good government reforms that had the effect of reducing the number of voters and making elections a lot less fun.
所谓的民主滥用机器带来了选举改革，如选民登记、无记名投票、要求选民活着，以及其他好的政府改革，这些改革的效果是减少了选民数量，使选举变得不那么有趣。
The third party system lasted from roughly 1860 to 1896, when another pivotal election brought about a change in the composition of one of the parties, in this case, the Democrats.
第三党制度大约从1860年持续到1896年，当时另一场关键的选举改变了其中一个政党的组成，这次是民主党。
Some time in the 1880s, and certainly by 1892, a new party The People's Party, or Populists, began to form in the south and the western parts of the US.
在19世纪80年代的某个时候，到1892年，美国南部和西部地区开始形成一个新的政党——人民党，或称民粹主义者。
They had a number of concerns, mainly about regulation of farm prices and railroad shipping rates, but also things like supporting a national income tax and a general mistrust of bankers and plutocrats.
他们有很多担忧，主要是对农产品价格和铁路运价的监管，但也有一些担忧，比如支持征收国民所得税，以及普遍不信任银行家和富豪。
(Those are the Democrats that live on Pluto, but according to Phil, no one lives on Pluto. Whatever Phil!)
(那些民主党人住在冥王星上，但是根据菲尔的说法，没有人住在冥王星上。菲尔也是!)
They won a few congressional elections, but eventually merged with the Democrats when they nominated the Democrat William Jennings Bryan to be their presidential candidate in 1896.
他们赢得了几次国会选举，但最终在1896年提名民主党人威廉詹宁斯布莱恩为总统候选人时与民主党合并。
Adding certain elements of populism shored up Democratic support in the South and the Midwest,
加上民粹主义的某些因素，南方和中西部的民主党支持率有所上升，
but for many Americans their ideas were too radical and the Democrats were unable to elect any presidential candidates between 1896 and 1932, with one exception: Woodrow Wilson.
但对许多美国人来说，他们的想法太激进了，在1896年至1932年间，民主党人无法选出任何一位总统候选人，只有伍德罗?威尔逊是个例外。
Good ol' Woodrow only made it in because the Republican vote in 1912 was spilt between the establishment candidate Taft and former president Theodore Roosevelt, who started his own progressive party.
优秀的老伍德罗之所以能当选，是因为1912年共和党的选票被现任总统候选人塔夫脱和前总统西奥多·罗斯福平分了。罗斯福创立了自己的进步党。
The rise and fall of the Populists show us something important about third parties in American politics.
民粹主义者的兴衰向我们展示了美国政治中第三方的一些重要特征。
The first thing is that they never win, largely because the way American elections are structured, but this doesn't mean that they don't matter.
首先，他们永远不会赢，主要是因为美国选举的结构，但这并不意味着他们不重要。
Third parties can shift the terms of political debate.
第三方可以改变政治辩论的条款。
Without a Socialist party (and there was one, believe it or not) issues of workers' rights wouldn't have been nearly as prevalent in the early part of the 20th century.
如果没有一个社会党(信不信由你，曾经有过一个社会党)，工人权利问题在20世纪初就不会如此普遍。
(Eagle was in the shot, I didn't want it to be. Didn't want to influence political debate.)
(老鹰被射中了，我不希望它被射中。不想影响政治辩论。)
Often, third party ideas get incorporated into the platforms of one of the other parties.
通常，第三方的想法会被合并到另一方的平台中。
This happened with the Populists, as their plans for graduated national income tax and direct election of senators were eventually incorporated into the constitution in the 16th and 17th amendments.
这发生在民粹主义者身上，他们的累进式国民所得税和参议员直选计划最终在第16和17次修正案中被纳入宪法。
After the election of 1932 when Franklin Roosevelt became president and the Great Depression had kind of discredited Republican economic policies, the Democrats were dominant in both Houses of Congress as well.
1932年，富兰克林·罗斯福当选总统，大萧条使共和党的经济政策名誉扫地。1932年大选之后，民主党在国会参众两院都占据了主导地位。
Thanks to these advantages, the Democratic party saw another shift in its composition and priorities.
由于这些优势，民主党的组成和优先事项又发生了变化。
One so big that we say that the new fifth party system was the result.
变化大到我们说新的第五党制度就是结果。
The Democrats' New Deal policy brought more groups into the party's fold.
民主党的新政政策使更多的团体加入了该党的阵营。
Support for organized labor, especially the Wagner Act, attracted union workers.
支持有组织的劳工，特别是瓦格纳法案，吸引了工会工人。
The idea that government could work to alleviate poverty through research and planning attracted some Socialists and many upper middle class intellectuals, including a large percentage of the American Jewish community.
政府可以通过研究和规划来减轻贫困的想法吸引了一些社会主义者和许多上层中产阶级知识分子，其中包括美国犹太社区的很大一部分人。
Southern farmers, always a backbone of the Democrats, were attracted by New Deal farm policies.
一直是民主党中坚力量的南方农民被新政的农业政策所吸引。
New Deal support for jobs and FDR's repeal of prohibition helped bring urban immigrants, especially Catholics, into the Democrats camp.
新政对就业的支持和罗斯福对禁令的废除帮助城市移民，尤其是天主教徒，进入了民主党阵营。
The Democrats acknowledgment that African Americans were suffering especially hard from the depression helped shift African American support away from the party of Lincoln.
民主党人承认，非裔美国人在大萧条中遭受的痛苦尤其严重，这有助于将非裔美国人的支持从林肯的政党中转移出去。
This was a major re-alignment, as black people, when they could vote in America, had until the New Deal voted overwhelmingly for Republicans.
这是一次重大的重新结盟，就像黑人在美国能够投票时，在新政之前一直以压倒性优势投票给共和党一样。
And even though New Deal programs did very little for black people (the programs were often quite discriminatory), the impression that the Democrats and FDR were champions of the poor helped convince many African Americans to vote Democrat, and they remain one of the most consistent groups in terms of their party affiliation.
虽然新政为黑人做的很少(通常是很歧视),但是民主党的印象和罗斯福帮助说服许多非裔美国人投票给民主党,他们仍然最一致的团体之一的党派关系。
The coalition of groups that make up the Democratic party, sometimes called the New Deal coalition (also my band name in high school), had been pretty stable for quite some time, as has the coalition that makes up the Republican party.
组成民主党的团体联盟，有时也被称为新政联盟(我高中时的乐队名)，已经相当稳定了一段时间，组成共和党的联盟也是如此。
This is why some people suggest that there've only been five party systems, with the fifth beginning roughly in 1932 and continuing to the present.
这就是为什么有些人认为只有五党制度，第五党制度大约始于1932年，一直延续到现在。
I disagree! As do other historians and political scientists.
我不同意！就像其他历史学家和政治学家一样。
My people, my posse. I bet they all have beards too.
我的人，我的队伍。我打赌他们也都有胡子。
Us six-system-ers argue for a further realignment of support after 1968 and consider the current political climate to be a sixth party system.
美国的六党制主张在1968年后进一步重新调整支持，并认为当前的政治气候是第六党制。
The main shift here, and in terms of Congress it has been really huge, is that the South, which used to be solidly Democratic, is now pretty unshakably Republican.
这里的主要转变，就国会而言，是非常巨大的转变，南方，过去是坚定的民主党人，现在是坚定的共和党人。
Most historians will tell you that this has largely to do with race, and the Democrats' support of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act, and we don't have time to go into just how true that is.
大多数历史学家会告诉你，这在很大程度上与种族有关，与民主党对1964年民权法案和1965年投票权法案的支持有关，我们没有时间去探究这到底有多真实。
What we can say is that for whatever reason, the Republican party now draws a lot of support from White, middle, and lower-middle class voters, especially in the South and Midwest, and that these were groups that used to vote for Democrats.
我们能说的是，不管出于什么原因，共和党现在得到了白人、中产阶级和中下层中产阶级选民的大量支持，特别是在南部和中西部，而这些群体过去常常投票给民主党。
A major part of this realignment is white working class men who generally used to be reliable union democrats, but are now just as likely to vote republican.
这种重新组合的一个主要部分是白人工人阶级男性，他们过去通常是可靠的工会民主党人，但现在同样可能投票给共和党。
The democrats have maintained their support among liberal intellectuals, members of minority groups, and to a lesser degree women, but their coalition is much less powerful than it used to be.
民主党在自由派知识分子、少数群体成员、以及少数女性中一直保持着支持，但他们的联盟已远不如过去强大。
We could say a lot more about political parties in America and how they might be changing as we speak, but as I promised this episode has been about history and how we got to where we are.
我们可以谈论更多关于美国政党的事情，以及在我们说话的时候他们可能会发生怎样的变化，但是正如我所承诺的，这一集是关于历史的，以及我们是如何走到今天这一步的。
If you're going to take away anything, it should be that political parties change over time both in terms of their policies and the groups that support them.
如果你要拿走任何东西，那应该是随着时间的推移，政党的政策和支持他们的团体都会发生变化。
And that it's often historical contingencies that cause these shifts.
通常是历史偶然事件导致了这些转变。
And although we pretty much always had a two party system, third parties are still valuable even though they never win because they help frame issues and move the terms of political debate and even of policy.
尽管我们基本上一直有两党制度，但第三方仍然很有价值，即使他们从未获胜，因为他们帮助制定议题，推动政治辩论甚至政策的条款。
It's like me. I've never won an internet award, but I made up the word “Doobly-doo,” so...
就像我。我从来没有获得过互联网大奖，但是我创造了一个词“嘟嘟嘟”，所以……
Thanks for watching, see you next time.
谢谢收看，下次再见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.
对美国政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people, who aren't Phil.
速成班是在这些好人的帮助下完成的，他们不是菲尔。
Thanks for watching!
感谢收看！
