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Six: Emotional Amplification.
6. 情绪放大。
Yesterday, Bob missed his bus and was late to work.
昨天，鲍勃错过公交车，上班迟到。
Scientists believe that the emotions he felt about that depend on a process called emotional amplification.
科学家认为他感受到的情绪取决于情绪放大这一过程。
If it's easy to imagine a good outcome such as making it to work on time,
如果很容易想象出一个好的结果，如按时上班
he would be really annoyed when something bad happened
如果发生了不好的事情，他会很生气的
but if it's hard to imagine things going well, he wouldn't be too bothered at a bad outcome.
但如果很难想象事情会进展顺利的话，他就不会对坏结果太闹心。
The next time you get annoyed about something, you can console yourself that you are on the right track.
下次你生气的时候，可以安慰自己是在正确的道路上。
If you were completely hopeless, you wouldn't get annoyed in the first place.
如果丝毫没有希望，一开始你就不会恼怒。
So maybe his friends should tell him that they admire him for trying so hard to be punctual.
所以或者他的朋友应该告诉他，他们钦佩他努力做到守时。
Seven: The Amygdala.
7. 杏仁体。
Johnny Storm from the Fantastic Four is the Human Torch.
Johnny Storm是《神奇四侠》中的霹雳火。
But did you know that you're the human fire alarm? Well, in a way you are.
但你知道你是人类火警吗？在某种意义上讲，确实是。
Each of our brains has a region called the amygdala.
每个人的大脑都有一个被称为杏仁体的区域。
This area becomes active when we feel strong emotions.
我们感到强烈的情绪时，这个区域就会变得活跃起来。
Scientists use the word 'salient' to refer to these very strong emotions.
科学家们利用‘显著’一词形容这些非常强烈的情绪。
In psychology, salience refers to any perception that stands out from the rest.
在心理学上，显著性是指任何从其他事物中脱颖而出的知觉。
Negative emotions like fear and anger are naturally very salient, so they make our amygdala light up.
负面情绪，如恐惧和生气天生都是非常显著的，所以它们会让杏仁体活跃起来。
I guess we all have a bit of spidey sense.
我猜我们都有点蜘蛛侠的感觉。
Eight: Emotions and Decision-Making.
8. 情绪和决策。
Psychologists are starting to discover that our decision-making process
心理学家开始发现我们的决策过程
is intimately wrapped up in our emotions, in both good and bad ways.
与我们的情绪密切相关，有好的方面也有坏的方面。
Even decisions that seem cut and dry such as 'I'll bet $20 on black at the roulette table' are highly charged with feeling.
即使是那些看起来内定的决定，比如“我在轮盘赌桌上赌20美元黑色”，也充满了感情色彩。
Our emotions serve as guides, those nagging feelings of 'this is too risky' or 'I don't feel sure about this' are worth listening to.
我们的情绪是向导，那些喋喋不休的“这太冒险了”或“我不确定”值得一听。
While early generations of scholars believed that emotions always interfered negatively with decision-making,
早期的学者认为情绪总是对决策产生消极影响，
we now know that they can sometimes help.
但现在我们知道它们有时是有帮助的。
But just to be safe, if you're feeling emotional, maybe it's a good idea to stay away from the craps table.
但为了安全起见，如果你有情绪波动，最好远离赌桌。
Nine: Emotional Appeals in Political Campaigns.
9. 政治竞选中的感性说服。
Politicians aren't known for being the most honest people but there does seem to be a method to their madness.
政客们不是以最诚实的人而闻名，但似乎确实有办法达到他们的疯狂。
Researchers studying the 2004 U.S. presidential election found that political ads generally followed a set pattern.
研究2004年总统选举的研究人员发现政治广告通常遵循固定的模式。
Early in the campaign, ads focus on invoking pride. Near the end of the campaign, ads focus on provoking fear.
在竞选初期，广告的重点是唤起自豪感。在竞选接近尾声时，广告的重点是引发恐惧。
The message seems to be, if you want someone to go with you for the long haul, appeal to their pride
其中的信息是，如果你想要一个人和你一起走很长一段路，那就迎合他们的自尊心
and if you want them to take action, appeal to their sense of self-preservation.
如果你想让他们采取行动，就唤起他们的自我保护意识。
Ten: Display Rules.
10. 表达规则。
Have you ever told someone a joke and been met with a stony face
你是否曾经给别人讲过一个笑话，而对方却面无表情
and when you ask them why they didn't find it funny, they say 'I actually find it hilarious'.
然后当你问他们为啥不好笑时，他们会说‘我觉得很好笑啊’。
Cultural psychologists study something called emotional display rules.
文化心理学家会研究情绪表现规则。
Different cultures have different norms about expressing emotions.
不同的文化有不同的表达情感的规范。
In some cultures, emotions are expressed very obviously.
在一些文化中，情绪表达很鲜明。
We refer to these cultures as ones that amplify emotions, whereas in others,
我们把这些文化称为放大情感的文化，在其他文化中，
they are not expressed at all even when they're strongly felt.
即使是强烈的感觉，他们也不会表现出来。
These cultures are said to negate emotions. When you're speaking to someone from another culture,
这些文化被认为是否定情感的。但你在和来自其他文化的人交谈时，
it's wise to give them the benefit of the doubt, a comedian has to know their audience.
不要对他们做出没有把握的判定，喜剧演员必须了解他们的观众。
This has been 10 more psychological facts about human feelings.
以上是关于人类情绪的10个心理学事实。
Some people feel gloomy about the future and say that technology
有些人对未来感到悲观并称科技
is making us lose our touch with our creative emotional sides, but as being learned emotions are far from absent,
让我们失去了与创造性情绪方面的联系，情绪并没有缺席
they are with us by instinct, are present with us whenever we make decisions and even show up in scans of our brains.
它们本能地和我们在一起，我们做决定的时候，它就在我们身边，甚至出现在我们大脑的扫描中。
There's a quote which says that emotions should be owned, felt, than allowed to leave, I can think of no better advice.
有句话说，情绪应该被拥有、被感受，而不是被允许离开，我想不出更好的建议了。
