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What do a seventeen-year-old Pakistani, a Norwegian explorer, a Tibetan monk, and an American pastor have in common?
一个十七岁的巴基斯坦人，一个挪威探险家，一个西藏僧侣和一个美国牧师有什么共同点？
They were all awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
他们都获得过诺贝尔和平奖。
Among the top prestigious awards in the world,
作为世界最权威的奖项之一，
this prize has honored some of the most celebrated and revered international figures and organizations in history.
诺贝尔和平奖被授予了许多历史上最著名和最受尊敬的人物及组织。
To understand how it all got started, we have to go back to the 1800s.
为了了解这一切如何开始，我们需要回到十九世纪。
Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel was then mostly known for the invention of dynamite,
瑞典化学家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔在当时以发明炸药而闻名，
a breakthrough which launched his career as a successful inventor and businessman.
这项突破性发明使他开始了一个成功的发明家和商人的事业。
30 years later, he had become extremely wealthy, but never married, and had no children.
三十年后，他变得非常富有，但是他一生未婚，也没有孩子。
When his will was opened after his death,
当他的遗嘱在他去世之后被打开，
it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for five prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.
人们很惊讶地发现他的财产都被用在五个奖项上，关于物理、化学、医学、文学和和平。
These prizes illustrated his lifelong commitment to sciences and his passion for literature. But what about peace?
这些奖项表现了他对于科学终身的承诺和他对于文学的热爱。那和平呢？
Because Nobel's name was tied to inventions used in the war industry,
因为诺贝尔的名字和用于战争的发明紧紧联系，
many have assumed that he created the peace prize out of regret.
很多人认为诺贝尔是出于内疚而创造出和平奖。
However, this is all speculation as he never expressed any such sentiments,
但是，这只是猜测，他从未表达过这样的观点，
and his inventions were also used for constructive purposes.
他的发明也被用于建设性工作。
Instead, many historians connect Alfred Nobel's interest for the peace cause
相反，许多历史学家将诺贝尔对和平产生兴趣的原因
to his decade-long friendship and correspondence with an Austrian pacifist named Bertha Von Suttner.
归结于他与奥地利和平主义者贝尔塔·冯·苏特纳数十年的友谊与通信。
Von Suttner was one of the leaders of the international peace movement,
冯·苏特纳曾是国际和平运动的领导者之一，
and in 1905, after Nobel's death, she became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
在1905年，诺贝尔去世之后，她成为第一个获得诺贝尔和平奖的女性。
Nobel's will outlined three criteria for the Peace Prize,
诺贝尔在遗嘱里列了三条和平奖的标准，
which unlike the other Sweden-based prizes, would be administered in Norway.
不像其它在瑞典颁发的奖项，和平奖在挪威颁发。
Disarmament, peace congresses, and brotherhood between nations.
裁军、和平会议和增进国家间的友谊。
These standards have since been expanded to include other ways of promoting peace, such as human rights and negotiations.
这些标准已经被扩展，从而包括其它促进和平的方面，像是人权和协商。
And the prize doesn't just have to go to one person.
和平奖不是只能颁发给一个人。
About a third of Noble Peace Prizes have been shared by two or three laureates.
大概有三分之一的诺贝尔和平奖由两、三个获奖者分享。
So how do nominations for the prize work?
那么和平奖是如何提名的？
According to the Nobel Foundation,
根据诺贝尔基金会，
a valid nomination can come from a member of a national assembly, state government, or an international court.
一个有效的提名只能来自国民议会的成员、州政府或国际法庭。
Eligible nominators also include university rectors,
有资格的提名者还包括大学校长，
professors of the social sciences, history, philosophy, law, and theology, and previous recipients of the Peace Prize.
社会科学、历史、哲学、法律和神学的教授以及诺贝尔奖的前获得者。
But if you want to know more about who was recently nominated, you'll have to be patient.
但是如果你想知道更多关于最近谁被提名的信息，你恐怕得非常耐心。
All information about nominations remains secret for 50 years.
所有关于提名的信息在五十年内都是保密的。
Take Martin Luther King Jr. We didn't actually know who nominated him until 2014.
以马丁·路德·金为例。我们事实上并不知道他被谁提名，直到2014年。
His nominators turned out to be the Quakers, who had won the prize previously, and eight members of the Swedish Parliament.
他的提名者原来是曾得奖的公谊服务委员会和瑞典议会的八名成员。
There's no limit to the number of times a person or organization can be nominated.
个人或组织能被提名的次数并没有限制。
In fact, Jane Addams, recognized as the founder of social work in the United States,
事实上，简·亚当斯，公认的美国社会工作的创立者，
was nominated 91 times before finally being awarded the prize.
在她最终获得诺贝尔和平奖之前被提名过91次。
The absence of a laureate can also be symbolic.
和平奖的缺失也可以具有象征意义
The 1948 decision not to aware the prize following the death of Mahatma Gandhi
在莫罕达斯·甘地去世后，1948年的诺贝尔和平奖并未颁发，
has been interpreted as an attempt to respectfully honor the so-called missing laureate.
这被理解为对伟人表达敬意的举动，也可以称为遗失的荣誉。
As with the other Nobel Prizes, the Peace Prize can't be awarded posthumously.
与其它诺贝尔奖一样，和平奖不能被颁发给已逝者。
The secret selection process takes almost a year,
保密的选择工作持续几乎一年时间，
and is carried out by the five appointed members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
由挪威诺贝尔委员会任命的五名成员执行，
who are forbidden from having any official political function in Norway.
他们被禁止在挪威担任任何官方政治职务。
Starting with a large pool of nominations, exceeding 300 in recent years,
他们的工作从大量的提名开始，近些年，提名会超过三百个，
they assess each candidate's work and create a short list.
他们评估每位候选人的成就并创建一个短名单。
Finally, the chairman of the Nobel Committee publicly announces the laureate in October.
最后，由诺贝尔委员会主席在十月公开宣布获奖者。
The awards ceremony takes place on December 10th, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
颁奖仪式在十二月十日，也就是阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的逝世纪念日举行。
The prize itself includes a gold medal inscribed with the Latin words,
和平奖本身包括一枚金质奖章，上面有拉丁文题词：
"Pro pace et fraternitate gentium," or "For the peace and brotherhood of men," as well as a diploma and a large cash prize.
“Pro pace et fraternizzate gentium”，翻译为“为着和睦与手足情谊的人士”，还包括诺贝尔和平奖证书和大量奖金。
Recently, it's been 8 million Swedish kronor, or roughly a million US dollars, which is split in the case of multiple laureates.
近年奖金达到八百万瑞典克朗，约合一百万美元，若有多位获奖者，则由多位获奖者平分。
And while laureates can use the prize money as they choose,
虽然获奖者可以任凭喜好地使用奖金，
in recent years, many have donated it to humanitarian or social causes.
但在近些年，许多获奖者将它捐于人道主义和社会工作中。
For many years, the Nobel Peace Prize was predominately awarded to European and North American men.
许多年来，诺贝尔和平奖主要被授予欧洲人和北美人士。
But in recent years, significant changes have been taking place, making the prize more global than ever.
但近年来，显著的改变正在发生，使得诺贝尔和平奖呈现前所未有地国际化。
23 organizations and 103 individuals, that's 87 men and 16 women,
23个组织和103个个人，87位男性和16位女性，
have made up the 126 Nobel Peace Prize laureates in history.
组成了历史上126位诺贝尔和平奖获奖者。
They include Desmond Tutu for his nonviolent campaign against apartheid in South Africa,
他们包括在南非以非暴力运动反对种族隔离制度的德斯蒙德·图图，
Jody Williams for her campaign to ban and clear anti-personnel mines,
推动禁止和清除地雷运动的乔迪·威廉姆斯，
Rigoberta Menchú Tum for her work for social justice and reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples,
在尊重原住民的权利的基础上促进社会正义与和解的里戈韦塔·门楚·图姆，
Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts to resolve international conflicts in Namibia, Kosovo, and Indonesia,
在纳米比亚、科索沃和印度尼西亚缓解国际冲突努力的马尔蒂·阿赫蒂萨里，
and Aung San Suu Kyi for her nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights in Myanmar.
以非暴力斗争促进缅甸民主和人权的昂山素季。
They're just a few examples of the people who have inspired us, challenged us,
他们是一些激励着我们、挑战着我们的例子，
and demonstrated through their actions that there are many paths to peace.
并以实际行动向我们展示通向和平的道路有许多许多条。
