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Hi there I'm Mike Rugnetta. Welcome to Crash Course Theater. Today we'll be covering Greek satyr plays and classical Greek comedy.
嘿大家好，我是迈克·鲁格内塔，欢迎来到“戏剧速成课堂”，今天我们要学习希腊的“羊人剧”以及“古希腊喜剧”。
We'll also take a look at Aristophanes' "Lysistrata," a play in which the women of Athens and Sparta decide to ban sexual intercourse until their husbands stop fighting a war.
我们还会研究一下阿里斯托芬（古希腊早期喜剧代表作家、诗人）的《吕西斯特拉忒》，在这部剧中，雅典和斯巴达(希腊南部的古代城邦)的女人们决定在她们的丈夫停战前不进行任何“交媾”活动。
It might get a little lewd, but this play is actually a lot less lewd than most Greek comedies that came before it.
这样的话这部剧可能会有点“肮脏下流”，实际上这部剧比前期大部分的希腊喜剧要矜持得多。
The next time you're at a museum, staring up at some noble piece of ancient marble statuary, just remember: those folks LOVED a good fart joke.
下次当你在博物馆里，抬头盯着某尊高档的古大理石雕像时，要记住：其实这些家伙（古雕像，暗指古雅典人）都爱听黄段子。
Satyr plays are the raunchy plays that appear at the conclusion of each tragic trilogy.
“羊人剧”是在每出悲剧三部曲结束时表演的淫秽戏剧。
They're meant to cheer an audience up after all of that pity, fear and purgation.
羊人剧的表演是为了能让观众在经历了所有这些怜悯、恐惧和净化之后重新振作起来。
And what did audiences find most cheerful? You guessed it: phalli.
什么东西能让观众最兴奋？猜对了：“阴茎”
Like tragedies, satyr plays were usually derived from mythological stories.
和悲剧一样，羊人剧的剧情来源于神话故事。
Unlike tragedies, satyr plays featured a chorus dressed as satyrs—ears, tails, shaggy legs and … tie-on phalluses.
与悲剧不同的是，羊人剧以羊人的耳朵、尾巴、多毛的腿和……男性生殖器为特色。
Satyr plays presented goofy versions of important legends: here's your typical myth, going along as planned, and then who shows up: Hordes Dudes!
羊人剧展现的是一些重要传说的荒诞版本：典型的神话故事，按计划进行，然后谁上场了：一群羊人！
These plays normally focus on how fun-loving, drunk, and cowardly the satyrs are… but there are often a few human characters who engage in serious moral debate at some point.
这种戏剧关注的点一般在：森林之神们怎样寻欢作乐、怎样醉醺醺、怎样胆小懦弱……但通常也会出现一些“人类”在某种情景下参与进严肃的道德辩论中。
Only one complete satyr play survives and that's Euripides "Cyclops," based on an episode in the "Odyssey."
只有一部完整的羊人剧幸存下来，那就是欧里庇德斯的《独眼巨人》，它是根据《奥德赛》中的一个情节改编的。
It's almost a retelling of Odyssey's version, except there are a lot of satyrs on the Cyclops's island and they're the ones who get Odysseus into trouble with Mean Ole Mr Unipupil.
它几乎是《奥德赛》的翻版，不同的是在独眼巨人岛上有很多羊人，正是这些羊人让奥德修斯和Mean Ole Mr Unipupil发生了矛盾。
While trying to avoid being eaten, Odysseus takes a moment to engage the Cyclops in an earnest debate on whether duty or pleasure-seeking is the key to a happy life.
为了避免被吃掉，奥德修斯与独眼巨人展开了一场真诚的小辩论，辩论的主题是“幸福生活的关键是责任还是享乐”。
After that the Cyclops and the head satyr Silenus get very drunk and Silenus gets dragged off to maybe do Cyclops sex stuff, but then Odysseus blinds the Cyclops and it ends happily for all.
在那之后，独眼巨人和羊人首领西勒诺斯喝得酩酊大醉，之后西列诺斯被拖走和独眼巨人发生了~可能是性关系，但是奥德修斯弄瞎了独眼巨人的眼睛，最后皆大欢喜地结束了。
Except the Cyclops who is blinded and was probably like: Ugh, that was my one good eye!
只有瞎了的独眼巨人可能会遗憾一下：啊，可惜了我的一只好眼珠！
You may remember from a couple episodes ago, the Drama Contests of Dionsyia.
你们可能还记得前几集讲到的“酒神节的戏剧比赛”。
In 486 BCE, a separate contest for comedy was established, with five competitors each year.
公元前486年，出现了专为喜剧设立的比赛，每年有五名参赛者。
In classical Greece, comedy was pretty raucous and pretty ribald.
古希腊的时候，喜剧是相当粗俗和下流的。
The word "comedy" came to us from the Greek word komoidia, which literally means party song.
“comedy(喜剧)”这个单词来自希腊语“komoidia”，字面意思是“派对歌曲”。
After forty years or so, comedy got popular enough that it had its own festival, the Lenaea, held in winter for Athenians only.
大约四十年之后，喜剧流行起来并有了自己的节日叫“Lenaea(小酒神节)”，在冬天庆祝，只有雅典人能参加。
No foreign dignitaries, which makes sense because these comedies were probably not how Athens wanted to represent itself to the world.
没有外国的达官显贵参与，这是有道理的，因为这些喜剧可能不是雅典想要展现给世界的样子。
Like tragedies, comedies were inspired by the philosophies and problems of present-day Athens.
同悲剧一样，喜剧的灵感来源于当今的雅典哲学和社会上出现的问题。
But while tragedies tended to cloak their relevance in the mythic past or foreign lands, comedies were typically set in contemporary Athens, poking merciless fun at contemporaneous life.
不同的是，悲剧更倾向于掩盖自身和古老神话或者和外国的关联，而喜剧则典型地以当代雅典为背景，无情地取笑当代人的生活。
They kept themselves safe by being so wild and crazy you couldn't take their political attacks seriously, though there are records of a couple lawsuits. SPOILSPORTS.
它们是如此的野蛮和疯狂，以至于你不能把他们的政治攻击当真，尽管曾经有一对夫妇对此提起过诉讼。真扫兴。
Comedies differed from tragedies in that they often depended on spectacular effects and featured funny costumes like padded stomachs and butts, and yes, of course, say it with me now–though I would totally understand if it makes you uncomfortable and you super don't want to– phalluses.
喜剧和悲剧的不同在于，喜剧通常依赖于壮观的特效，并以趣味的戏服为特色，比如饱满的肚子、屁股、还有~是的，当然，现在和我一起说出来，虽然我完全理解，这种比较敏感的词汇谁都不想说——阴茎。
Most of the formal elements—dialogic scenes interspersed with choral odes—were similar to tragedy, but comedy included something new.
大多数的形式元素——对话场景中穿插着合唱——与悲剧类似，但喜剧含盖了一些新的东西。
It was the parabasis, a speech in which the chorus addresses the audience directly.
那就是“合唱队主唱段(古希腊喜剧演出中插在剧情间的)”，一种演说，合唱队直接面向听众。
And while tragedies focus on some noble figure falling, comedies are often about the little guy struggling to rise.
悲剧关注的是一些高贵人物的陨落，而喜剧一般讲述的是小人物挣扎着站起来的故事。
Though as we'll see with "The Lysistrata," comedies can deal with great figures and serious subjects, as well.
尽管我们在《吕西斯特拉忒》中会看到，喜剧也可以应付得了伟大的人物和严肃的主题。
Unfortunately, few examples survive from the golden age of classical comedy and all the ones that do are by Aristophanes.
不幸的是，在古典喜剧的黄金时代幸存下来的作品几乎没有，而所有幸存下来的作品都是阿里斯托芬的。
But we have fragments by many others, including sections from the plays of Eupolis, a comedy writer so beloved that legend has it that when he died fighting a war, the government passed a law exempting all poets from military service.
但我们还有很多其他作品的残存片段，比如尤普利斯戏剧里的片段，尤普利斯是一位深受人们喜爱的喜剧作家，传闻他在战争中牺牲后政府通过了一项法律，免除了所有诗人的兵役。
Let's take a moment to look at what separates comedies from satyr plays.
我们来花点儿时间看看喜剧和羊人剧的区别。
Satyr plays are situated in a mythic past, comedies in the present.
羊人剧里的故事发生在神秘的过去，喜剧则发生在现在。
Satyr plays are typically rural. Comedies are usually urban.
羊人剧是典型的乡村风格，喜剧一般是都市风格。
Satyr plays are about messing things up. Comedies are about putting things back together. They tend to return social order and conclude with a compromise of some kind: a peace treaty, a constitution, a marriage.
羊人剧是把东西弄乱，喜剧是把东西组合到一起。它们倾向于恢复社会秩序，并以某种妥协来结尾：和平条约、宪法、婚姻。
There's not necessarily any reconciliation at the end of a satyr play, while comedies are about offering absurd suggestions to real problems.
羊人剧的结尾不一定是皆大欢喜，而喜剧则是为现实问题提供荒谬的建议。
Aristophanes is the most famous figure of classical comedy for the very good reason that his plays are the ones that … uhhh… still exist.
阿里斯托芬是古典喜剧界里最著名的人物，理由很充分，因为只有他的戏剧，呃…幸存至今。
Invading hordes: You. Are. The Worst.
羊人们喊道：你是~最差的那个。
He wrote at least forty plays. We have eleven.
他写了至少40部剧本，保留下来的有11部。
Aristophanes was born into a wealthy Athenian family sometime in the 450s.
阿里斯托芬于450年代出生于一个富裕的雅典家庭。
He started writing early and he was almost immediately known for his splendid poetry, and for relentlessly mocking specific political figures.
他很早就开始写作，很快就以其优秀的诗歌作品和对特定政治人物的无情嘲讽而闻名。
In fact he was sued at least once for "unpatriotic behavior".
其实，他被起诉过至少一次，罪名是“不爱国行为”。
But, undeterred, Aristophanes kept the poetry and dirty jokes and mockery coming for quite some time.
但是，阿里斯托芬并没有放弃，他捣弄诗歌、下流笑话和无情嘲讽捣弄了很长一段时间。
Late in the fifth century BCE, though, Athens started losing the Peloponnesian War to Sparta and a lot of things changed, including comedy.
然而在公元前5世纪晚期，雅典在对战斯巴达的伯罗奔尼撒战争中逐渐失利，之后发生了很多变故，包括喜剧。
Suddenly it wasn't a great idea to satirize political figures.
讽刺政治人物一时火不起来了。
And Athens didn't have as much money to spend on spectacular effects and fancy choruses.
而且雅典人没有足够的钱来支撑壮观的特效和华丽的合唱。
So Aristophanes made a mid-career switch.
所以阿里斯托芬在其职业生涯的中期转变了方向，
He started writing plays for smaller choruses and with composite comic figures rather than specific, real-life politicians.
他开始为更小的合唱团写剧本，用的是自己“合成”的喜剧人物，而不是具体的现实生活中的政客。
Aristophanes has a lot of famous plays—The Birds, The Clouds, The Frogs. But, today we're going to look at "The Lysistrata," which we chose for a couple of reasons.
阿里斯托芬写了很多著名的戏剧——《鸟》，《云》，《青蛙》。但是，我们今天要研究的是《吕西斯特拉忒》，选这部剧有几点原因。
