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Hey there. I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we'll be looking at the surviving literature of Roman drama because Roman life wasn't all naval battles, naked miming prostitutes and Christians being eaten by lions.
嘿，大家好，我是迈克·鲁格内塔，这里是“戏剧速成小课堂”，今天我们来看看现存的罗马戏剧文学，因为罗马人的生活并不只有海战，还有裸体的哑剧妓女和被狮子吃掉的基督徒
Sometimes, you had to take a break and go watch a play.
他们偶尔还是要放松一下去看看戏剧什么的
Much like Roman deities, the most popular form of Roman drama were comedies that borrow heavily from Greek originals, especially the comedies of Menander with a little bit of Atellan Farce thrown into the mix.
和罗马众神一样，最受欢迎的罗马戏剧形式是喜剧， 而且是借用了大量原版希腊戏剧的喜剧，尤其是混入了一点点亚提拉闹剧成分的米南德(雅典戏剧家)的喜剧
These comedies are called fabulae palliatae.
这些喜剧被称为“改编希腊喜剧”
They have outdoor urban settings and are filled with stock characters.
它们有户外城镇布景以及大量的定型角色
The hero of the play is typically a type known as the adulescens.
剧里的主角都是典型的被称为“adulescens”的年轻人
A young man who is in love with the girl next door, the Virgo whom he can't marry because she's of dubious parentage or he's in love with a prostitute, the Meretrix.
年轻的小伙子和隔壁的小姑娘坠入爱河、不能和维尔戈结婚因为门第悬殊、或者是爱上了妓女梅列忒丝
Then, there's the Senex, usually the father or the old man, who's either a strict miser or a louche skirt-chaser, other characters are the Servus, the wily slave; the Leno, the Pimp; the Miles Gloriosus, the bragging soldier; and the Parasite, a slave character who sponges off his master.
之后会出来一个森纳士，这个人通常是一位父亲或者一个老头，他要么是个誓死的守财奴，要么是个令人厌恶的追名逐利者，其它角色比如塞尔武斯——狡猾的奴隶；雷诺——皮条客、格劳里奥萨斯——爱吹牛的士兵、还有食客——依赖主人的奴隶形象
Sometimes wives and maid servants appear too.
偶尔会出现妻子和女佣
These stock characters get themselves involved in stock plots, often a couple plots per play, typical ones involved thwarted lovers, disagreement between parent and child and mistaken identity, which is way easier to pull off when everyone is wearing masks.
这些老套的角色让自己陷入老套的桥段，每出戏通常有两个桥段，比较典型的桥段是受挫的恋人、父母和孩子之间的分歧和错乱的身份纠葛，特别是人人都戴着面具的时候更容易错乱。
Sometimes, there's a direct address to the audience, too, kind of like a Parabasis and almost always there's a happy ending, at least for the lovers.
有的时候观众也会有直接的称呼，比如“帕拉伯塞斯”。结局几乎都是好的，起码里面的恋人都在一起了。
Comedies with happy endings are Yorick's faves. He is a man of Infinite Jest after all.
结局圆满的喜剧是约里克的最爱，他毕竟是个“无穷尽的笑话”
Oh, sorry, was a man of Infinite Jest.
哦，抱歉，“曾经”是个“无穷尽的笑话”。
In the Roman plays, most of the people and settings have Greek names, which is either a hat tip to the original source or a real failure of imagination on the part of these writers.
罗马戏剧里大部分的人物和场景都有各自的希腊名字，这要么是对原著的致敬，要么就是戏剧家们的想象力还不达标。
But even though the setting is ostensibly Greek, the situations and jokes about current events and even the street names are definitely Roman, especially in the works of Plautus.
虽然故事背景表面上是希腊风格，但涉及到时事的场景和笑话、甚至街道的名字，都绝对是罗马风，这点尤其在普劳图斯的作品里有所体现。
Plautus and Terence are the two guys we're gonna be talking the most about. Why them?
普劳图斯和特伦斯是我们要集中讨论的两个人，为什么呢？
Well, partially because they were the greatest practitioners of Roman comedy but also because you guessed it their plays survived.
部分原因是因为他们是罗马喜剧最伟大的实践者，然后是因为他们的戏剧被存留下来了。
Titus Maccius Plautus was born in 254 BCE in Umbria, a landlocked region with a lot of truffles.
提图斯·马西斯·普劳图斯于公元前254年出生在翁布里亚(意大利中部地区)，那边属于内陆地区，盛产松露。
Legend has it that he worked as a stagehand in his hometown and then failed as a merchant before moving to Rome to write plays. 130 plays are attributed to him but take that with a grain of Roman salt, a lot of writers tried to pass their plays off as his.
传闻他在家乡的工作是舞台管理员，后来经商失败后搬到罗马开始进行戏剧创作。据说他写了13部戏剧，但是水分比较大，有很多戏剧家试图将自己的作品说成是他的作品
A first century BCE scholar determined that 20 plays are definitely his, and get this: all 20 survived.
一位来自公元前1世纪的学者指证了他的20部作品，而且这20部作品都被保留下来了
More or less, that's fine, I'll take it. Plautus' plays are rambunctious comedies about middle class people and their slaves.
差不多，很好，我都要了。普劳图斯的戏剧都是一些关于中产阶级和他们的奴隶之间的粗暴喜剧。
You could even call them musicals because from the meter they're written in we know that at least half of each play was sung.
你甚至可以叫它们“音乐剧”，因为从韵律方面来看，一出戏至少有一半时间是在唱歌。
He was a big influence on Medieval and Renaissance writers.
普劳图斯对中世纪和文艺复兴时期的作家有很大的影响。
Moliere was a fan, and we'll see that Shakespeare borrowed most of The Comedy of Errors from him.
莫里哀就是他的粉丝，我们可以看到，莎士比亚的作品《错误喜剧》也从他那里剽窃了大量内容。
People love Plautus because his plays are energetic and uproarious with puns galore and tip-top alliterations that are tricky to translate.
人们都喜欢普劳图斯，因为他的戏剧充满活力，里面有大量的双关语和用的极好的头韵，这些头韵往往很难翻译。
Plautus' works are a lot like real life with more prostitutes and twins and songs, which is to say I guess that they're not like real life at all. But they are a hoot.
普劳图斯的作品很接近现实生活，有更多的妓女、双胞胎和歌曲，嗯，我觉得根本不像现实生活，但是这些很有意思。
When he died in 184 BCE, he apparently wrote his own epitaph.
他于公元前184年去世的时候为自己写了墓志铭。
"After Plautus died, comedy mourns, the stage is deserted; and then laughter, mirth and jest all wept in company."
“普劳图斯死后，喜剧哀悼，舞台荒芜；接着是笑声、欢乐和笑话，大家一起哭泣。”
Okay, now tell us how you really feel about yourself.
好吧，现在跟我们讲讲你对自己的真实感受吧。
Yeesh, the other major comic playwright was Publius Terentius Afer. Aka Terence, who's possibly the first playwright of color.
是的，另一位重要的喜剧戏剧家是普布留斯·泰伦提乌斯·阿非尔，通称泰伦斯，他大概是第一位有色人种戏剧家。
Terence was born around the late 180s or early 190s BCE in Africa at Carthage, in a spot, that's now a Tunisian suburb.
特伦斯于大约公元前180年代末或19世纪初出生在非洲迦太基，现在那里是突尼斯的一个郊区。
He was a slave owned by a Roman senator, who educated him and then freed him.
特伦斯是罗马元老院议员的奴隶，元老院议员教育了他，然后释放了他。
He came to Rome to try to break into the theater by surprising a famous poet at his house.
他来到罗马，为了进入戏剧剧圈儿，他来到一位著名的诗人家里试图给他一个惊喜
The poet was not thrilled, but then Terence began to read his play, and suddenly the poet was totally into it.
那名诗人并没有被惊喜到，但是之后特伦斯开始读自己创作的戏剧，诗人刹那间便完全投入其中无法自拔。
Don't take too many lessons from this, though, I didn't get this job by showing up on Stan's doorstep with a stack of things to explain. It's not a great plan.
不过，别学特伦斯，我得到这份工作并不是因为带了一大堆东西来到斯坦家家的门口跟他说我多么多么地有才，这样做并不合适
Terence wrote six plays, which borrowed heavily from Menander. Cicero even called him a pint-sized Menander.
特伦斯写了六部戏剧，其中大量模仿了米南德的戏剧，西塞罗(古罗马政治家,雄辩家,著作家)甚至叫他小米南德。
After the sixth, he decided that he needed to travel more to write better plays.
写了六部戏剧之后，他便决定多出去走走以便写出更好的戏剧作品
So, at the age of 25, he left Athens and died at sea.
所以，他在25岁时离开了雅典，于海上逝世
His style is more sophisticated than Plautus's.
他的风格比普劳图斯更复杂。
The comedy is a little less rowdy; but the ironies are deeper, the characters are saner, the meter is more regular, and the constructions are sturdier. Fewer plot holes, fewer dirty jokes, some really elegant Latin, and the women aren't treated that badly. So, that's nice.
他的喜剧没有那么多的矛盾点，但是讽刺意味更强，人物更理智，韵律更整齐，结构更扎实，情节漏洞更少，黄段子更少，用到一些相当高大上的拉丁语，而且女性的处境也没有那么恶劣，所以，很不错。
These are classier plays. But they're maybe not as funny, and hey, one more difference: In Plautus and Menander, the prologue basically tells you what's gonna happen. Terence doesn't do that. He creates suspense.
这些戏剧更优秀，但趣味性可能不高，嘿，还有一点不同是：普劳图斯和米南德的戏剧看完序言基本上就知道大概剧情了，特伦斯不会这么做，他懂得制造悬念。
To take a closer look at Roman comedy, we're gonna check out one of Plautus's plays: The Menaechmi, or The Menaechmus Twins, which we selected because Shakespeare borrowed most of it for The Comedy of Errors.
为了能进一步了解罗马喜剧，我们来看一看普劳图斯的一部戏剧：《孪生兄弟》，或者《米内克穆斯双胞胎》，看这部剧是因为莎士比亚的《错误的喜剧》剽窃了里面绝大部分的内容。
The Menaechmi begins with a prologue addressed directly to the audience.
《孪生兄弟》以直接面向观众的开场白开场。
An actor comes out and tells everyone: Hey listen up. This is Plautus. You love Plautus. Give it up! Give it up for our man, Plautus.
之后一个演员出场说：嘿，听着，我是普劳图斯，你们都爱普劳图斯。放弃吧！为了我们放弃吧，普劳图斯。
The prologue tells us that once there was a merchant from Syracuse who had identical twin sons.
前言部分告诉我们，从前有一个来自锡拉库扎(意大利)的商人，他有一对双胞胎儿子。
He took one of those sons to Epidamnus where the son was kidnapped and the merchant died of a broken heart. Both boys eventually end up being called Menaechmus, which is a little weird, but hey you do you for simplicity?
他带着其中一个儿子去了埃比达姆诺斯，之后那个儿子在那儿被绑架了，商人伤心欲绝地死去，最后这两个男孩都被叫做“米内克穆斯”，有点怪异~，但是，嘿，你，你想更直接些了解剧情吗？
We're gonna call them in the Thought Bubble.
我们在思想泡泡里呼唤他们吧。
