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Silicon Valley thinks they have a solution for everything.
硅谷认为他们拥有解决所有问题的方案。
Including, apparently, the fact that not everyone around the world who needs mental health care gets it.
很显然，这其中包括了一个事实，即并非全世界所有需要心理保健的人都能得到它。
And at this very moment, there are thousands of mental health apps out there claiming to do everything from easing insomnia to treating PTSD symptoms.
就在此时此刻，有成千上万有关心理健康的应用声称可以做任何事情，从缓解失眠到治疗创伤后应激障碍症状。
But as you might expect, many of the apps out there aren't backed by evidence. But mental health experts are hoping to change that.
但正如你所料，很多应用都没有证据支持。但心理健康专家希望能改变这种状况。
In theory, getting therapy over the internet can be effective.
理论上讲，通过互联网进行治疗是有效的。
After all, research suggests a given treatment's effectiveness
毕竟，研究表明，与患者与治疗师之间的关系相比，
comes down less to the specifics of how it's administered than it does to the relationship a patient has with their therapist.
特定治疗的有效性更不取决于具体的治疗方法。
If that therapist is over the internet, it might not make much of a difference.
如果治疗师通过互联网进行治疗，那就没什么区别了。
Studies lend some support to the idea that getting cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, online with a real clinician is effective.
研究支持这样一种观点，即与真实的临床医生在线进行认知行为治疗是有效的。
And experts say CBT is one of the best evidence-based tools we have.
专家说认知行为治疗是最好的循证工具之一。
A 2014 meta-analysis found that guided online CBT — that is, with guidance from a therapist,
2014年的一项元分析研究发现，在线认知行为治疗，也就是说，在治疗师的指导下，
whether via email or real-time chat — produced similar effects to face-to-face therapy.
无论是通过电子邮件还是实时聊天，都能产生与面对面治疗相似的效果。
But for some patients, therapist guidance may not even be necessary.
但对一些病人来说，治疗师的指导甚至是不必要的。
A 2017 meta-analysis found that a self-guided form of online CBT may be a good first step in treating symptoms of depression,
2017年的一项元分析研究发现，在线认知行为治疗的自我引导形式可能是治疗抑郁症症状的良好开端，
especially for people who are unwilling to work with a therapist.
特别是对于那些不愿意与治疗师合作的人。
But not all online programs are created equal. There are far more apps out there than there is research that's been done on them.
但并非所有的在线程序都是平等的，应用的数量远远超过对它们研究的数量。
A review in 2013 tallied more than 3,000 available mental health apps but found only 8 studies and those involving only 5 of those 3,000 apps.
2013年的一项调查统计了3000多个可用的心理健康应用，但发现只有8项研究，其中只有5项涉及这3000个应用。
But even when there is research, it's not exactly airtight.
但即使有研究，也不是完全无懈可击的。
For one thing, most studies have been designed to determine whether a treatment (or intervention, as it's often called) is practical, not necessarily effective.
一方面，大多数研究都是为了确定一种治疗方法（或者通常所说的干预措施）是否可行，而不一定要有效。
Hardly any are placebo-controlled, and the few randomized trials out there tend to be small and don't end up being replicated.
几乎没有使用安慰剂的对照组，少数随机试验往往规模很小，而且无法重复实施。
Plus, most of the studies are done by the app developers themselves instead of independent researchers.
另外，大多数研究都是由应用开发人员自己完成的，而不是独立的研究人员。
And that's just studies in high-income countries. The research situation in low- and middle-income countries is even worse.
这只是高收入国家的研究，中低收入国家的研究状况更糟。
And when a mental health app is bad, it can be really bad. Some contain information so wrong that it's harmful.
当某个心理健康应用很糟糕，它可能真的很烂。有些错误信息甚至会造成伤害。
In a 2015 review of apps for bipolar disorder, researchers noted that one app recommended taking a shot of liquor to help users sleep during a manic episode.
在2015年一篇针对双相情感障碍应用的评论中，研究人员指出，有一款应用建议，在躁狂发作期间，喝点酒能帮助使用者入睡。
Another said that bipolar disorder can spread to your loved ones if they spend too much time listening to your problems.
另一个说，如果你的爱人花太多时间倾听你的问题，双相情感障碍就会蔓延到他们身上。
Just in case we have to specify: NO. BAD. NOT TRUE.
以防万一，我们必须说明：不，真糟糕，这不是真的。
And of course, there are also the privacy concerns.
当然，还有隐私问题。
Those are scary enough when you're downloading a game app to pass the time, but it's way worse when you're using an app to share sensitive health information.
当你下载一个游戏应用来打发时间时，已经足够可怕了，但是当你使用一款应用来共享敏感的健康信息时，情况就更糟了。
Researchers have voiced concerns about the fact that patient data from these apps might be sold and used in algorithms
研究人员对这些应用中的病人数据可能会被出售并用于算法中表示担忧，
that automatically classify people in ways that can affect their credit, employment, and education.
这些算法会自动对人们进行分类，从而影响他们的信用、就业和教育。
But that's not to say mental health apps are worthless. There are some success stories out there.
但这并不是说心理健康应用毫无价值，存在一些成功的故事。
Take the app PTSD Coach, for instance.
以应用PTSD Coach为例。
It was developed through a partnership between the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Department of Defense
它由美国退伍军人事务部和美国国防部合作开发，
as a way to help military veterans with mild to moderate symptoms of PTSD.
目的是帮助患有轻度到中度创伤后应激障碍症状的退伍军人。
The app provides information about PTSD, helps users track their symptoms, supplies referrals for crisis support, and offers CBT-based coping tools for times of distress.
该应用提供有关创伤后应激障碍的信息，帮助用户追踪他们的症状，为危机支持提供转介服务，并在患者痛苦时提供基于认知行为治疗的应对工具。
A preliminary evaluation in 2014 and two randomized controlled trials in 2016 found the app to be an acceptable intervention
2014年的一项初步评估和2016年的两项随机对照试验发现，这款应用是一种可接受的干预措施。
— though, as with many apps like it, the researchers say they'll need a larger trial to confirm its effectiveness.
不过，有许多与其类似的应用。研究人员表示，他们需要更大规模的试验来确认其有效性。
But PTSD coach has another problem. It looks awful.
但创伤后应激障碍辅导应用存在另一个问题，它的样子看起来糟透了。
Clinical psychologists aren't graphic designers, and they're not exactly on the bleeding edge of user interface design.
临床心理学家不是图形设计师，他们也不完全了解用户界面设计。
That's an issue with apps backed by research. Technology moves fast, and studies take time.
应用的这个问题需要研究支持。技术进步很快，而研究需要时间。
Once an evidence-based app is ready to hit the app store,
一旦基于证实的应用准备好进入应用商店，
it looks out of date next to all the sleek, cutting-edge programs full of information that you can't necessarily trust.
与那些时髦、尖端的程序相比就显得过时了，这些程序里满是你不用都信任的信息。
In general, experts note that online and app-based mental-health interventions have a lot of potential.
一般来说，专家们注意到，基于在线和应用的心理健康干预具有很大的潜力。
However, they've called for more research into the effectiveness and long-term effects of these apps -- as well as ways to manage privacy and security concerns.
然而，他们呼吁对这些应用的有效性和长期影响，以及管理隐私的方法和安全问题进行更多的研究。
But as far as identifying which apps are worth downloading, there are some trustworthy resources out there.
但就确定哪些应用值得下载，还是有一些值得信赖的资源的。
The American Psychiatric Association has developed a model it uses to judge mental health apps in four main areas:
美国精神病学协会开发了一款模型，用于判断四个主要领域的心理健康状况的应用：
level of evidence, privacy and security, ease of use, and interoperability, which is the ability to share the data with your healthcare team.
证据级别、隐私和安全性、易用性和互操作性，这是与医疗团队共享数据的能力。
Other associations also review and rate mental health apps on their evidence.
其他协会也会根据他们的证据，审查和评估心理健康应用程序。
The Anxiety and Depression Association of America lists 19 different apps on their website, for example.
例如，美国焦虑和抑郁协会在他们的网站上列出19种不同的应用。
Mental health apps aren't perfect, but once they've been properly tested, they could be a saving grace for people who don't otherwise have access to the services they need.
心理健康应用并不完美，但一旦经过适当的测试，对于那些无法获得所需服务的人来说，它们可能是唯一可用之物。
More research and more vetting from trusted sources are still needed for them to reach that point, though.
不过，要达到这一点，还需要更多的研究和来自可靠来源的审查。
One thing's for sure: You can't believe everything you read on the app store.
有一件事是肯定的：你不能相信你在应用商店里读到的所有东西。
Earlier in this episode, we talked about how privacy is a major concern when it comes to mental health apps.
在本集节目的早些时候，我们讨论了在涉及到心理健康应用时，隐私会成为一个主要问题。
But really, privacy is worth thinking about whenever you're on the Internet. And if you want to learn more about staying protected, you can check out Dashlane.
但实际上，无论何时上网，隐私都是值得考虑的一件事。如果你想了解更多关于保护自己的信息，你可以去Dashlane看看。
Dashlane Premium not only has Dark Web Monitoring and a secure VPN,
Dashlane Premium不仅具有暗网络监控和安全VPN，
but it also allows you to save and autofill personal information like addresses, phone numbers, credit cards and passport details.
它还允许您保存和自动填充个人信息，如地址、电话号码、信用卡和护照详细信息。
That means you can fill out tedious online forms with just a single click. It's a good way to streamline your life!
这意味着你只需点击鼠标，就可以填好冗长的在线表格。这是精简生活的一个好方法！
If you want to learn more or check out Dashlane for yourself,
如果您想了解更多信息或亲自查看Dashlane，
you can go to dashlane.com/scishowpsych to try it for free or use the promo code "scishowpsych" for ten percent off Dashlane Premium.
可以访问Dashlane.com/scishowsych免费试用，或使用促销代码“scishowsych”享受10%的折扣。
