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Hey, everyone. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this academic writing lesson.
嘿，大家好，我是亚历克斯。谢谢点击，欢迎来到本节的学术写作课。
So, today I will be giving you some very practical skills, practical tools, practical expressions, words, phrases that you can use in your academic writing.
所以，今天我要教大家一些干货，一些可以在学术写作中使用的很实用的表达手段、实用的句型、单词、和短语。
So, this might prove useful if you're a high school student, a university student, college student,
如果你是一名高中生或者大学生、正在准备雅思考试或者托福考试
if you are someone who is writing an IELTS exam or a TOEFL exam, or any type of academic work.
或者其它什么类型的考试，那么这些表达会对你非常有用。
So, I'm going to tell you the name...Technical name of these tools that I'm going to give you today in a bit.
所以，我会告诉你们称谓……就是我待会儿要讲到的表达手段的技术别名，
First, I just want to start teaching you guys, and after the first six, I'll let you know on a little secret.
首先我想先给你们讲几个，在讲完六个之后，我就会秘密地告诉你们。
Okay. Let you in on the little secret, that's the phrase.
好的，咱们来讲第一个，就是这个短语。
So, first we have: be aimed at.
第一个是：be aimed at(以……为目的)
Let's just stay with me. Let's read the example, and you'll start noticing a pattern.
注意听我讲，咱们先来读一下例句，读完你就会发现一个特定的模式。
So: The advertisement was aimed at males between the ages of 18 to 34.
“这则广告的目标群体是年龄在18到34岁之间的男性。”
So, here you're saying the advertisement-the ad, the promotion-was targeted at... Aimed at males between 18 to 34.
所以，这里说的是“这则广告……这个促销手段……的目标是(Aimed at)18到34岁之间的男性”
So, if you aim an advertisement, this means you try to put your focus of the advertisement on a specific group of people, a specific demographic.
所以，如果说你“aim an advertisement”，意思就是你要把广告的焦点放在一个特殊的群体、一个特定年龄段的人群身上。
So, you have, you know, males between the ages of 18 to 34, so this is probably a beer commercial or a video game commercial maybe.
所以，你知道，目标群体18到34岁之间的男性，说明这可能是一则啤酒广告或者视频游戏广告。
Next, we have the expression: to be associated with something or someone.
下一种表达：to be associated with something or someone(和某物或者某人有关)
So, if you are associated with something or someone, this means you have a connection to something or someone.
所以，如果说你“are associated with something or someone”，意思就是说你“和某物或者某人之间有联系”。
So, for example: Drinking milk is often associated with strong bones.
我们来看例句：喝牛奶常常和强壮的骨骼之间有联系。
So this is, you know, what research says or what advertisers want us to believe.
这就是，你知道，研究表明的或者广告商想让我们相信的。
This could be an argument that you're making in a paper.
这个可以作为论文里的一个论述观点。
So: Drinking milk is often associated with strong bones or with having strong bones; has a connection with it.
所以说：喝牛奶常常和“强壮的骨骼”、或者说和“增强骨骼”之间有联系；有某种关系。
Next: to be based on something.
下一个：to be based on something(以……为基础)。
Now, this is when you're using, you know, some sort of facts to establish a theory.
嗯，这个短语一般用在，你知道，当你要用一些事实来支撑某个理论的时候
So, to be based on. The study was based on 10 years of close observation.
所以，to be based on(以……为基础)，“这项研究基于十年的密切观察”
So, this means that the study, the origin of the study, the facts from 10 years, you know, that's what we used to base this study on; to do this study.
所以，这句话的意思就是说“这项研究、这项研究的起源，十年来的事实依据，你知道，就是我们用来进行研究的基础，用这个基础来做这项研究。”
The next phrase I want you to remember is: to be regarded as or to be seen as something or someone.
下一个短语我希望你们能够记住：to be regarded as or to be seen as something or someone(被认为或者被视为某事或某人)。
So, example: Albert Einstein is regarded as the premier theoretical physicist of the 20th century.
来看例句：阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦被认为是20世纪最杰出的理论物理学家。
So, this means people see Einstein as, you know, the premier physicist... Theoretical physicist of the 20th century.
所以，这句话的意思就是“人们把爱因斯坦看作，你知道，最杰出的物理学家……20世纪的理论物理学家。”
They regard him... They hold him in a high position in their minds. So, people say this.
人们认为他……他在人们心目中的位置很高。所以人们才这么说。
You can use this phrase to talk about not just people, but events. Okay? Like, the Olympics, World Cup, World War II.
这个短语不只可以用来谈论人，还可以用来谈论某件事，记住了吗？比如奥运会、世界杯、或者第二次世界大战。
You know, what was it regarded as? What were these things seen as by people? How did people see them?
你知道，它被视为什么？这些事情在人们看来怎么样？人们是如何看待它们的？
Be defined as-to give a definition. Right?
be defined as(被定义为)-下一个定义，对吧？
So: Darkness is defined as the absence of light.
黑暗被定义为没有光。
If you're a high school student, this type of structure is okay to use.
如果你是名高中生，那么这个短语是可以使用的。
Many teachers say: Don't tell me Webster's Dictionary defines this as blank.
很多老师说：不要跟我讲韦伯斯特字典把它定义为空白。
But, you know, if you're a high school student, you're just learning essays. It's important to define your terms; to give definitions,
但是，你知道，如果你是一名高中生，那么在学习论文的时候，给术语下定义很重要，给出定义。
so: Darkness is defined as the absence of light. I will be using this definition in my paper.
所以：“黑暗被定义为没有光。”我在我的论文里面就可以用到这个定义。
And, finally, here: be derived from.
最后一个：be derived from(起源于)。
If something is derived from something else, it means it comes from that thing; it originates from that thing.
如果说某物“is derived from”某物，意思就是说“某物从某物中来，某物起源于某物”。
So, for example: Some medicines are derived from herbs.
来看例句：有些药物是从草药里提取出来的。
They are taken from, they come from those herbs. Okay?
它们被从那些草药里拿出来、它们来自那些草药。懂了吗？
Now, we've looked at six of these. What do you see that they all have in common?
现在，我们已经学习了六个短语，你发现它们的共同点了吗？
Okay, they all have: be, be, be, be, be; they all have a past participle verb: be aimed, be associated, be based; and they all have a preposition.
好的，它们都有：be, be, be, be, be; 它们的动词都是过去分词形式：be aimed, be associated, be based; and they all have a preposition.
Now, these are known as passive prepositional verbs. Okay?
这种表达就被称为“被动介词动词”，懂了吗？
So, now that we've looked at the first six of passive prepositional verbs, we're going to look at another six.
那么，现在我们已经学习了前六个被动介词动词，接下来我们要学习另外的六个。
And after you look at these, I promise you, your writing will be so much better and so much more clearer,
在你学完这些之后，我保证，你的文章会写得更好、思路更清晰、
and so much more formal and professional-sounding to your teachers or whoever you're writing for.
更加正式、更加专业—对你的老师或者你的任何写作对象来说。
So, let's look at six more. Okay, so six more.
所以，我们再来看六个短语。好的，再来看六个。
Now, first we have: be divided into. So, something is divided-it is separated.
第一个：be divided into(被分为) 就是说“某物被分割了—被分开了”。
For example: Canada is divided into provinces and territories. Very clear.
来看例句：加拿大分为省和地区。意思很清晰了。
Next: be involved in. So, you have involvement in something.
下一个：be involved in(被卷入……中)，就是说“你被卷入到什么事情当中”。
For example: J. Robert Oppenheimer was the primary figure involved in the creation of the atomic bomb. Very clear as well, I hope.
比如：罗伯特·奥本海默是参与制造原子弹的主要人物。这个意思也很清晰。
Be known as. If you are known as something, this is your primary identity or one of your main identities.
Be known as(被认为是)。如果说你“are known as something”，就是说“你的主要身份是什么”或者说“你最重要的身份是什么”。
For example: The Wright Brothers are popularly known as the pioneers of human flight.
例如：莱特兄弟被公认为人类飞行的先驱。
Those of you who are watching from Brazil-that's just popularly known. Okay? I know about the other guy.
来自巴西的观众朋友都知道这个，知道的人很多，好吗？我还知道另外一个人。
So, be prejudiced against. I love you Brazil. Love you.
下一个：be prejudiced against(对……有偏见)，爱你们哟巴西的朋友们，爱你们！
Be prejudiced against: Humans are often prejudiced against people they do not understand.
be prejudiced against(对……有偏见)：人类常常会对他们不了解的人抱有偏见。
So, if you're prejudiced against somebody or some group of people, you have, like, a natural discriminatory attitude;
所以，如果你对某个人或者某群人怀有偏见(prejudiced against)，那么你就会有一种、一种自然而然的歧视态度；
you discriminate against this group, you hold strong negative feelings towards them.
你对这个群体怀有偏见，你对他们有强烈的负面情绪。
So, people are often prejudiced against people they do not understand.
所以，人们经常会对他们不了解的人抱有偏见。
Be required for. So, something is required; it is necessary for something.
Be required for(对……是必需的)。就是说“某物是必需的，必须有这个东西”。
So: Regular sleep is required for good health.
比如：有规律的睡眠对健康来说是必需的。
You need to sleep regularly; it's a necessity to have good health.
你的睡眠要有规律；这对拥有健康的身体是必要的。
And, finally: be used in.
最后一个：be used in(用于)
So: Flamethrowers-which basically big guns that shoot fire-were first used in World War I.
所以：Flamethrowers(火焰喷射器)，就是那种能开火的大枪，在第一次世界大战中被首次使用。
Okay. So, I have given you guys 12 passive prepositional verbs.
好的。所以，我们今天讲了12个被动介词动词。
You can use these in your academic essays, you can use this on your TOEFL exam, on your IELTS exam.
你可以在你的学术论文、你的托福考试、或者雅思考试里使用这些表达。
And if you're wondering: Okay. This all still seems kind of confusing. What do you mean, 'passive'?
如果你还在疑惑：好吧，还是不太懂啊，这个“被动时态”究竟该怎么理解呢？
Well, we have a lot of videos on engVid where you can study, you know, what the construction of the passive is.
好的，我们的视频课程集合里有很多视频，你可以在那些视频里学习到，嗯，被动语态的结构是什么。
Very quickly I can tell you the passive always has a form of the verb to be, there's always a past participle.
我可以简短地跟你们讲一下，被动时态里少不了动词的“to be”形式，少不了过去分词。
The only difference in these ones is that we're adding a preposition to the passive verbs. Okay?
唯一不同的就是我们在动词的被动形式后面加了一个介词。懂了吗？
And these are all specifically, you know... Designed specifically formal... Fixed formal expressions,
这些都是特别，你知道……特别正式的……固定的表达，
formal phrases that you can use in your academic writing, or even academic presentations as well. Right?
正式的短语，你可以在你的学术写作、甚至学术报告中用到这些表达。好吗？
Now, I suggest, because it's very important to remember which verbs...Which past participle goes with which preposition:
现在，我建议，因为记住哪个动词是非常重要的……过去分词后面跟哪个介词很重要：
Watch this video again if you think it's a little weird for you now;
所以如果你觉得自己现在还没有完全弄透，那就再看一遍视频
and after you watch it again and you remember everything, check out the quiz on www.engvid.com.
在你看完第二遍视频并记住所有的知识点之后，那就做一下www.engvid.com上的测试题吧。
And while you're on www.engvid.com and if you want to support what we do here financially,
如果你在做测试的过程中想在经济上支持一下我们，
you can donate at the Support link, and we appreciate every donation we receive.
那么你可以在“支持链接”里进行捐款，我们会感激大家的每一笔捐款。
And, also, if you want to follow me, you can check me out on Facebook, you can check me out on Twitter, subscribe to my YouTube channel.
另外，如果你想继续跟着我学习，那么你可以关注我的脸书，也可以在推特上关注我，或者订阅我的油管频道。
If this is your first video-hey. How are ya? Nice to meet you?
如果这是你第一次观看我们的视频，嘿，你好！很高兴认识你！
Lots of videos up on my channel; most of them I speak better than what I am right now, so check out those videos. Thank you.
我的频道上有很多视频，很多比我这期更优秀的视频，所以敬请观看，谢谢！
And til next time, you guys know what I'm going to say, right? Say it for me. Until next time...
下集，你们知道我要说什么了，对吧？来跟我一起说，下集……
Yeah, thanks for clicking. See ya.
好的，谢谢点击，再见！
