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Hi again. I'm Adam. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. Today's lesson is a little bit unfortunate.
大家好，我是亚当。欢迎来到英格威英语学习网。今天的课程有一些不幸。
We're going to talk about the military, and I'm going to give you some vocabulary to talk about military and war, armies, etc.
今天我们来聊聊军事，我将给大家讲一些谈论军事，战争和军队的词汇。
Now, the reason we're doing this is because we actually had a few requests for this type of lesson
做这节课的原因是，有人跟我们说想看这种视频，
because if you open the newspaper today or turn on the TV or the Internet, everything -- everywhere you look at, it's war.
因为在今天，如果你打开报纸，打开电视，或者浏览网页，等等，你在每个地方都能看到战争。
Right? The world is a little bit chaotic right now. It's just chaos everywhere. "Chaos" -- big mess, big trouble.
这个世界现在有一些混乱。到处都有混乱。“chaos”意思是大麻烦，大问题。
So it's better that you understand what it is you're looking at, what it is you're hearing,
所以最好是你能明白你看到的东西，你听到的东西，
what it is you're reading, what it is you're talking about.
你读到的东西，你在谈论的东西。
We're going to look at a few things just to get you a basic understanding of the military.
我们来看一些内容，让你对军事有些具体的了解。
I'm going to take the American military as an example because they're the biggest, and of course, they're the most active military right now.
我将以美国军队举例，因为他们是最大的，当然，他们是现在最活跃的军队。
The military has four branches -- four parts to the military.
军队由四个分支组成。
There's the Army, the Marine Corps -- we don't want to say the P or the S, "Marine corps" -- Navy, Air Force.
分别是陆军，海军陆战队-corps中的p或s不发音，“海军陆战队”-海军，空军。
Army -- these are basically the ground soldiers.
陆军，这些基本上是陆地上的士兵。
They have the tanks, the big, heavy machine guns, the big anti-tank missiles, all that stuff.
他们有坦克 ，大型重机枪，大型反坦克导弹，等等。
These are the ones that go in and do the land things. They set up the whole -- they set up the war, basically.
他们是上场执行陆地任务的人。基本上，是陆军建立了战争。
They set up the bases. The Marine Corps, these are the fighting soldiers.
他们建立了基础。海军陆战队，他们是战斗的士兵。
Marine from water -- they come in with the navy. The navy ships them in.
他们和海军一起上场。他们乘坐海军的船上战场。
They come in, and they go do all the fighting, the deep fighting.
他们上场参加各种战斗，深度战斗。
Okay? These are very tough guys. The Navy -- the Navy has the ships, the submarines. They also have jets.
这些是非常强硬的家伙。海军，海军有船，有潜水艇，还有喷气机。
They have Navy pilots because they have those huge aircraft carriers that carry the planes.
他们有海军飞行员，因为他们有运载飞机的巨型航空母舰。
The plane can take off in the middle of the sea. And of course, the Air Force.
飞机可以在海洋中间起飞。当然，还有空军。
The Air Force has the jets, the pilots, and all of that stuff. So these are the branches.
空军有喷气机，飞行员，等等。这些就是军队的分支。
Now, if you want to know the ranks, this is the level of the people in the armies.
如果你想知道军衔的话，这就是军队中人们的等级。
We have officers, and then, we have the unlisted personnel.
我们有军官，还有未列入名单的人员。
The officers -- the top is the General in the Army and in the Marine corps. In the navy, they have an admiral.
军官——最高的是陆军和海军陆战队的上将。在海军中，他们有一位上将。
Then, you have a colonel. Although this is an L, it sounds like an R -- "ker-nel", like popcorn kernel.
然后还有上校。尽管这里是一个“L”，听起来像是“R”，“kernel”，像是爆米花。
You have a major; you have a captain; you have a lieutenant.
还有少校，上尉，中尉。
Now, between these levels, there are all kinds of different ranks.
在这些等级之间，还有各种不同的军衔。
You have a second colonel, a second lieutenant, etc. then, you have the lower ranks.
还有中校，少尉等等。还有更低级的军衔。
You have sergeant; you have corporal; and you have private.
有中士，下士；还有列兵。
"Private" is the absolute lowest you can go. I'm going to use a red pen from now. Okay.
列兵是级别最低的士兵。我从现在开始要使用红笔了。
Now, if you want to know what the insignia -- if you want to know what the stripes or the shapes on their sleeves are --
如果你想知道他们的徽章——如果你想知道他们袖子上的条纹或形状是什么——
or the stars and the bars -- you can look that up online. Just look for "insignia", "military insignia".
或者星星和杠是什么——你可以在网上查阅。搜索徽章或者军事徽章就行。
Now, when we talk about soldiers, also -- you're going to see there are a lot of acronyms.
当我们谈到士兵的时候，你会看到有很多首字母缩写词。
An "acronym" is the first initial of a word.
“acronym”是一个单词的首字母缩写。
When you have a few words, you take the first letter of each and put them together. "POW" -- "prisoner of war".
有几个单词时，我们可以取每个单词的首字母，把它们放到一块。“POW”--“战俘”。
So if I'm a soldier and my enemy catches me and holds me as a hostage, I'm a POW.
所以如果我是一名士兵，而我的敌人抓住了我并把我扣为人质，我就是战俘。
"KIA" means "killed in action". So if I go fighting and I'm killed, that's what the military lists me as, "KIA".
“KIA”的意思是“在战事中阵亡”。所以如果我去打仗，我被杀了，军队就会把我放进“KIA”的列表。
"MIA" -- "missing in action". So the army can't find me. They don't know if I'm alive or dead. So I'm just missing in action.
“MIA”意思是在战斗中失踪。所以军队找不到我。他们不知道我是死是活。我就是在战斗中失踪了。
Okay. When we talk about war, when we talk about armies, we have to talk about weapons, also called "arms".
当我们谈论战争，当我们谈论军队时，我们必须得谈论武器，也叫做“arms”。
Okay? Like "arms", except it's an extension of your arm. The gun is an extension of your arm.
就像“手臂”，只不过它是你手臂的延伸。枪是你手臂的延伸。
So "RPG" -- "rocket-propelled grenade". So a "grenade", as we have here -- is like a mini bomb.
“RPG”--“火箭推进榴弹”。手榴弹就像是一个微型炸弹。
You put it into the gun; you shoot it; it goes, explodes; and you have shrapnel. "Shrapnel" are little pieces of metal.
你把它放进枪里，射击，然后出膛，爆炸；然后会产生碎片。“Shrapnel”指的是小金属片。
So when the grenade explodes, all the little pieces of metal go flying everywhere and kill and destroy.
当手榴弹爆炸时，所有的小金属碎片会飞的到处都是，造成杀伤和损害。
Then, we have "IED". So non-regulated armies -- when you have fighters who are not in a regular army but are still fighting,
然后还有“IED”。所以非管制军队——当不是正规军的战士在战斗时，
they don't have the money or the know-how, necessarily, to build all these fancy weapons. So they make "improvised explosive devices".
他们没有必要的资金或技术来制造这些高级的武器。所以他们制造“简易爆炸装置”。
They take whatever they can find -- some fuel, some pieces of metal, a pipe, put it together, put it on the side of the road, and when the enemy comes, it explodes.
他们会带上他们能发现的任何东西。搞一些燃料，一些金属片，一根管子，把它组合在一起，放在路边，当敌人来了，它就会爆炸。
Now, again, you're going to hear -- you're going to read newspapers. You're going to hear all these words.
现在，你将会听到，你将会去读报纸。你会听到所有这些词汇。
You're going to hear "rocket", "missile", and "mortar". And you're going to wonder what's the difference.
你会听到火箭，导弹，迫击炮。你也会想知道它们的区别。
So I'll tell you. A "rocket" is, basically, something that is shot from a launcher.
我来告诉大家。“火箭”基本上是指从发射器发射的东西。
So "launch" is a good word. "Launch" means send out or shoot. A rocket is launched. A rocket has its own fuel.
“launch”是一个好词。“launch”的意思是发送或者发射。火箭被发射了。火箭有它自己的燃料。
So once you shoot it, then, the rocket starts using its fuel, and it flies further.
一旦发射，火箭就会开始使用自身的燃料，飞得更远。
It can go 50, 100, 150, 200 kilometers. The thing about a rocket is that it is "aimed".
它可以飞50，100，150，200公里。火箭的特点是它是“瞄准的”。
You know generally where you want to go. You aim it, shoot it, and hope it gets there.
你知道你想去哪里。你瞄准，发射，希望它能到那里。
A "missile", on the other hand, is "guided". So a missile is like a rocket, but it's bigger; it has more fuel; it can fly much further.
另一方面，导弹是制导的。导弹就像是火箭，但是它更大。它有更多燃料。它可以飞更远。
There's something called a "ballistic missile", which can fly halfway around the world. These are huge missiles.
有一个东西叫“弹道导弹”，它能飞半个地球。这些是巨大的导弹。
And they're guided. Is means there are computer chips inside, and somebody back at the base, the army base,
它们是制导的。意思是里面有计算机芯片，军事基地的人
can sit there on the computer and tell the missile where to go, and it hits exactly where you want it to.
会坐在电脑前，控制导弹要去哪里，它会打到你想要打到的地方。
So that's the difference between "rocket" and "missile". A "mortar" is also just aimed. But a mortar is like a big bullet.
这就是火箭和导弹的区别。“迫击炮”也是瞄准的。但是迫击炮更像是一个大子弹。
It's like -- however big it is, you drop it into its launcher; it pops the fuel or gunpowder -- whatever.
它就像，不管它有多大，你把它放到发射器中，它会引爆燃料或者火药等东西。
And it just flies. It's lobbed. It means it just -- and again, you hope it lands where you want it to land.
然后它就会飞走，被投掷出去。意思是，你希望它落到你想要它降落的地方。
Of course, bullet is in the gun. Then, you have a lot of anti stuff. "Anti-tank missile", "anti-aircraft missile".
当然，子弹在枪中。然后，还有很多的反击武器。反坦克导弹，防空导弹。
So basically, whatever it is you want to destroy, you have a missile and a launcher for that.
基本上，不管你想摧毁什么东西，你都有一个导弹和发射器可以做到。
