评论
打印
Hi. Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
大家好，欢迎访问www.engvid.com，我是Adam。
In today's video I want to talk to you about academic writing.
在今天的视频中，我想跟大家讲讲学术写作。
So this is especially for those of you who will be taking the IELTS or TOEFL,
本节课主要针对的是那些即将参加雅思或托福考试的同学，
or any English exam where you have to write an essay. Okay?
还有那些英语考试要写作文的同学。
Now, before I get into this, a lot of you have been told by teachers, by classmates,
在正式开讲之前我们先说一个题外话，想必很多同学都有听到过老师，同学等人说过，
by whoever that you should not use phrasal verbs in your academic writing, in your essays,
学术写作或作文里不用短语动词为好，
because you think that they are too informal.
因为他们觉得这些短语太不正式了。
Well, what I want to tell you today is that not only can you use phrasal verbs,
但今天我要告诉大家的是，写作中不仅可以使用短语动词，
you should use phrasal verbs in your writing.
还应该能用就用。
Phrasal verbs are part of the English language.
短语动词也是英语语言的一部分。
We use them in everyday situations, as well in very formal situations; in academics, in business, etc.
我们不仅可以在日常场合下使用，也可以在非常正式的场合，比如学术场合或商务场合用。
So what I have here, I have a few phrasal verbs to show you that are very common, but are very useful for academic writing.
今天，我就给大家列举了几个短语，为的是给大家展示一下，这些短语不仅在学术写作中很常用，还很有用。
And some of them are a little bit more rare,
有几个稍微不那么常见一点，
but if you can use them properly in your essays,
但如果你能在作文中正确地使用它们的话，
your scores should go up; you'll actually impress the graders a little bit.
是能起到加分效果的，还能给阅卷人留下更深刻的印象。
But, again, if you're using them correctly. Okay?
不过，我还是要重申一遍，得用对了才行，大家记住了吗？
So just before we begin, what is a "phrasal verb"?
正式开始之前，我们还得先聊聊什么是“短语动词”？
You have a verb in conjunction with a preposition;
短语动词就是动词和介词搭配起来使用；
and together, the two words have a slightly different meaning or slightly different meanings - most of them have more than one.
而搭配后两个词就有了一种或多种不同的含义，而且多数都有不止一种含义。
So, today we're going to look at: "account for", "take into account" or "take into consideration",
今天我们要讨论的是“account for”,“take into account”和“take into consideration”这一组，
but the actual phrasal is: "take into". Okay?
它们的内核其实都是“take into”，好吧？
With something else.
在“take into”的基础上进行了变换。
"Carry out"; "look into" or "find out" - these are kind of synonyms, you can use them one or the other.
还有“carry out”，“look into”，“find out”这一组，它们的意思是比较接近的，用哪个都行。
"Cut down" or "cut back on" - these are also generally synonymous;
还有“cut down”，“cut back on”，这组也是近义词；
you can use them in certain, in same situations; slightly different usage.
是可以在特定，在同样的语境里用的，只是用法稍有不同。
And just so you know, "cut back" can also become a noun: "cutback" or "cutbacks".
插播一句，“cut back”是可以变成名词“cutback”或者“cutbacks”的。
"Do without", "follow through", "frown upon" which is a little bit one of the rare ones,
还有“do without”，“follow through”，“frown upon”这一组，这几个算是比较少见的，
"resort to" which should be used more but people don't use it enough,
“resort to”这个短语出现的频率应该更高一点，但大家用的并不够多，
"rule out", and "put off". Okay?
还有“rule out”和“put off”。
So, let's go through each one separately.
现在我们就一组一组地来看。
"Account for". "To account for something" means to consider it;
首先是“account for”，“To account for something”意思就是考虑某事；
to make it part of your thought process when you're thinking about something,
在你考虑某件事情的时候，尤其是做计划，或者做预算等的时候，
especially making a plan or maybe making a budget, etc.
把那个因素也纳入你的考虑之中。
And basically it means the same thing as: "Take into account".
这个短语动词的意思和“take into account”基本是一样的。
Now, you have "account" and "account".
两个短语动词里都有“account”这个单词。
This is a noun; this is a verb.
但这里是作名词用，而这里是作动词用。
So, be very careful not to mix the two expressions up somehow.
所以，大家一定要小心，不要把这两个表达混为一谈。
So, "account for", and it's also part of your calculations.
“account for”某个因素，也即把它纳入你的计算之内。
That's why we have "account", like accountant does.
这也是为什么这个短语里有“account”这个单词的原因，因为和会计师一样需要计算。
"Take into consideration" and "account" - same idea.
“take into consideration”和“account”的意思是一样的。
When you're making a plan or you're thinking about something,
在制定计划或考虑某件事情的时候，
don't forget to include whatever it is...Whatever the topic is into that thinking process. Right?
不要忘了把那个因素，先不说那个因素具体是什么，不要忘了把它纳入你的思考过程。
So, if you're creating a budget.
打个比方，你在做预算。
Let's say you have limited money, and you have to make yourself a budget for each month.
比如你手头比较紧，所以你要给自己制定以下每个月的预算。
So, make your budget for, like, school, work, going out, food, rent, etc.
你需要做上学、工作、外出、吃住等等的预算，
but don't forget to take into account or don't forget to account for emergencies or surprise expenses;
这个时候就不能忘了“take into account”或者“account for”紧急支出或意外支出，
things that you weren't planning for that inevitably happen.
不能忘了考虑你没安排但不可避免地会发生的事情。
So: "Account for surprises in your budget calculations." Okay?
那我们就可以说“Account for surprises in your budget calculations.”（计算预算的时候因考虑到意外开支），明白了吗？
Put a little bit extra money aside.
也就是要额外抽一点钱出来以防那些意外真的发生。
Now: "carry out".
下一个，“carry out”。
"Carry out" essentially means do. Okay?
“carry out”本质的意思就是“do”（做），对吧？
But we use it with specific collocations.
但这里是用特定搭配来表达“do”这个意思。
And "collocations" are groupings of words that generally go together to create a particular expression.
搭配（collocations）就是通常被组合到一起形成特定表达的词组。
So, for example, you would carry out an experiment.
举个例子，我们可以说“carry out an experiment”（做实验）。
You don't do an experiment; you carry out an experiment. Okay?
我们不说“do an experiment”，说“carry out an experiment”，好吗？
So, it means do or make happen.
但意思也是做或使其发生的意思。
So, for example, you have plans, you create plans for the weekend,
又比如，你制定了计划，制定了周末计划，
and then the weekend comes and now it's time to carry out those plans;
现在周末到了，那现在就是时候“carry out”那些计划，
make them happen, do them. Okay?
让它们发生，去落实那些计划了，明白了吗？
"Look into" or "find out" is essentially the same meaning.
“look into”和“find out”这一组本质上是相同的意思。
"Look into" means more, like, investigate; "find out" means get some more information.
“look Into”的意思更接近“investigate”（调查）；“find out”的意思则是获得更多的信息。
So, you investigate in order to get the information.
调查是为了获得信息。
So, in many cases you can use one or the other; but, again, don't mix them.
所以，这两个短语动词很多情况下都是可以互换的，但还是那句话，不要把它们搞混了。
Don't "look out" or "find into"; don't mix them, which happens quite a bit.
不要搭配成“look out”，也不要说成“find into”；不要把它们混为一谈，这可是大家经常会犯的错误。
So, the police, they don't look into every complaint that they get on the telephone.
比如，警方并不会“look into”他们接到的每起投诉。
Sometimes people call the FBI, let's say, or just the police, and they want to make a complaint of something.
有些人打电话给FBI，或者是打给警察投诉。
So, the police, they get so many of these phone calls that they can't look into everything; they can't investigate everything.
警察接了太多这种电话之后就不会每件事都去调查了，但他们不去一一调查，
They can't find out if all of these complaints are real. Okay?
就无法“find out”那些投诉是真是假，大家明白了吗？
So, they investigate.
他们要“investigate”。
"Cut down" or "cut back on".
接下来是“cut down”和“cut back on”这一组。
So, let's start with "cut down".
我们先从“cut down”开始说吧。
"Cut down" basically means reduce. Okay?
“Cut down”的基本含义就是“reduce”（减少），好吧？
So, a company wants to cut down its...Its expenses.
比如，一家公司想要“cut down”它的，“cut down”它的开支。
It wants to reduce its expenses, so maybe it has to let go of some staff. Okay?
意思就是它想缩减开支，那它可能就会解雇一些员工，明白这个意思吧？
It has to fire some staff.
它必须解雇一些员工。
"Cut back on" means also reduce, but basically do less of something.
“Cut back on”的意思也是减少，但主要是少做某事的意思。
"Cut down" - spend less; "cut back on", basically you're moving backwards.
“cut down”指的是少花钱；“cut back on”的基本含义却是你在倒退。
You're still going to spend on this particular something, but you're just going to spend less on it. Right?
你还是会花钱在这个东西上，只不过是少花一点而已，明白了吗？
So, "cut back on expenses" or "cut down the company's expenses". Okay?
所以，我们可以说“cut back on expenses”，也可以说“cut down the company's expenses”，好吗？
Or: "the company's expenditures" is more correct.
还可以说（cut down）“the company's expenditures”，最后一种更为恰切一些。
"Cutbacks" are the situation.
“cutbacks”指的则是整件事情。
When a company is experiencing cutbacks,
一个公司正在经历cutbacks（裁员），
generally it means people are going to lose their jobs because the easiest cutback to make is staff salaries.
这句话通常的意思就是有些人的饭碗要没了，因为最轻松的cutbacks就是缩减员工的工资。
So, the company wants to cut back on expenses;
也就是说，公司想“cut back on expenses”；
it's going to let go a few people and salaries go down, and they save money.
就会解雇一些人，同时下调工资，这样就能省钱了。
