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Hi, welcome again to engvid.com. My name is Adam.
欢迎来到英格威英语学习网。我是亚当。
Today we're going to look at something that I get asked about all the time.
今天我们要讲一些我经常被问到的问题。
Sorry about that I lost my cap there. So people, students ask me all the time:
对不起，我的笔帽掉在那里了。学生们总是问我：
what's the difference between "though", "although" and "even though" and "despite" and "in spite of".
“though”，“although”和“even though”以及“despite”和“in spite of”的区别是什么？
Very simple, it's not as complicated as everybody thinks. First, let's start with these three.
很简单，不像大家想的那么复杂。首先，让我们从这三个开始。
These three: "though", "although" and "even though" these are used with adverb clauses. Just to refresh your memory, what is a clause? A clause is any group of words that has a subject and a verb.
这三个：“though”，“although”和“even though”，它们和状语从句一块使用。回忆一下，什么是从？从句是指任何一组有主语和动词的词。
It must has a subject and a verb. And these three are used to show contrast. So what does all this mean in general?
它必须有一个主语和一个动词。这三个词是用来表示对比的。那么它们一般都是什么意思呢？
You're going to have a long sentence. This sentence is going to have two clauses.
我们要看一个长句。这个句子有两个从句。
One clause will have this adverb marker in it, the other clause will be an independent clause,
一个从句中有这个副词标记，另一个从句是独立的从句，
means that the sentence that can stand by itself.
意思是这个句子可以独立存在。
What this does is it shows a contrast or something that's very different from one clause to the other clause.
这个例子展示了一种对比，或者是两个从句的很大差异。
So within that one sentence you have contrasting ideas, like positive and negative or you think this is going to happen,
所以在一个句子里你会有不同的观点，比如积极的和消极的观点，或者你认为这将会发生，
but really that happens something very different from what you expect.
但实际上发生的事情与你预期的完全不同。
"Despite" and "in spite of" these are prepositions and they are used with a phrase.
“despite”和“in spite of”，这些是介词，它们和短语一块使用。
Now what is a phrase? A phrase is also a group of words but it doesn't need to have a subject in a verb.
短语是什么？短语有一组单词组成，但是它的动词不需要有主语。
It can have a noun or it could have a verb or it could have neither.
它可以有一个名词，或者一个动词，或者名词和动词都没有。
But usually it has at least one or a gerund, but we'll get to that.
但是通常它至少会有一个动名词，但是我们一会儿再讲这个。
But it also shows contrast. Before I give you some example sentences to understand all this let's look at each one separately.
但是它也能表示对比。在我给你们一些例句来理解这些之前，让我们分别来看一下每一个词。
"Though" and "although", what is the difference? No difference. "Though" is this a little bit more informal.
“though”和“although”，两者有什么区别？没有区别。“though”更加非正式一点。
You can use either one at the beginning of a sentence or middle of a sentence.
在句子开头或者中间，你可以使用这两个词中的任意一个。
The biggest difference is that you can end a sentence with "though".
最大的区别就是，你可以用though来结束一个句子。
You can't really end a sentence with "although". And again, when you end a sentence with "though", it's a very informal sentence.
你不能用although来结束一个句子。用though来结束的句子是一个非常不正式的表达。
So, you have to keep that in mind. So informal, now that doesn't mean that this is formal,
大家得记住这一点。不正式，这不意味着这是正式的，
it just means that this is informal, if that makes any sense.
它只意味着这是非正式的，如果这讲得通的话。
How about "even though"? "Even though" also shows a contrast, but it's a much stronger contrast, it adds emphasis.
even though是什么意思呢？它也表示对比，但是它表示的是更强的对比，它增加了强调。
But what is the emphasis on? This is what is important. What is the emphasis placed on? The expectation.
但是强调的是什么呢？这就是重要的地方。强调的是什么呢？期望。
So, for example, the beginning of the sentence has one idea, so you think this must be the second part,
比如，一个句子的开头表达了一个观点，所以你感觉第二部分也是这样，
but no, something very different is the second part. And this is a very strong emphasis on this expectation.
但是，第二部分是不同的观点。这是对这种期待的非常强的强调。
When I give you some example sentences you understand what I'm talking about.
我给大家举一些例子，你们就明白了。
"Despite" and "in spite of" - these are exactly the same, except one word - three words for this one.
“despite”和“in spite of”，这两个是完全一样的，除了这个是一个单词，这个是三个单词组成。
But they work the exact same way, you can interchange them.
但是它们用法是一样的，可以互换使用。
One mistake that many people do, they say: "in despite of" or "this despite of something" - they mix them.
很多人都会犯一个错误，他们说：“in despite of”或者“this despite of something”，他们把两者弄混了。
Be very careful, "despite", your phrase, "in spite of", your phrase. Don't mix the two up.
仔细一点，“despite”加短语，“in spite of”加短语。不要把两者弄混了。
There are two different things, with the same meaning. This will be much clearer once I put up some example, so let's do that.
它们构成不同，意思相同。我举一些例子之后，大家就会更加清楚，让我们开始吧。
Let's start with "although", "though" and "even though". I have basically the same sentence, four different ways.
让我们以“although”，“though”和“even though”开始吧。同一个句子，四种不同的表达。
"Although the exam was difficult, I think I did well". Now here the contrast is between difficult and doing well.
“尽管考试很困难，我觉得我考的很好。”这里就形成了考试难和考得好的对比。
That's the contrast. Difficult means doing badly but here's an opposite. Very easy, I start with "although".
这就是对比。困难意味着做不好，但是这里有一个转折。很简单，我以“although”开始。
I'll I'll give you the opposite, here is your subject and here is your verb, and then here's your subject,
我给大家讲讲这个例子，这里是主语，这里是动词，这里是主语，
and here's your verb again. We won't talk about the extra clause at the end there.
这里是动词。我们不会讲结尾处额外的从句。
That's your main one. Now, same sentence I can switch it around. I can say: "I think I did well although the exam was difficult".
这里是主句。同一个句子，我可以调换顺序。我可以说：“I think I did well although the exam was difficult”。
Beginning and doesn't matter the only difference would be the comma.
开头无所谓，唯一的区别就是有无逗号。
If you put this as the second clause - no comma. If you begin the sentence with the adverb marker - you have a comma.
如果你把这个从句放在后面，没有逗号。如果你以这个副词开头，那就有逗号。
"I think I did well though the exam was difficult." Yeah, so that's my mistake there, sorry about that.
“尽管考试很困难，我觉得我考的很好。”这里有一个错误，抱歉。
Here we have it in the second part. I I could put "although" here, I could put "though" here.
这里我把它放在后面。我可以把although放在这里，可以把though放在这里。
Both would be okay. Doesn't change the meaning of the sentence, one is just informal, one is just regular.
两个位置都可以。不会改变句子的意思，一种是非正式的，一种是经常使用的。
Here what I did is I wanted to show you how to put it at the end. So, I split up the sentence into two.
我所做的是向你们展示如何把它放在最后。所以，我把这个句子一分为二。
"The exam was difficult." Period, sentence is finished. "I think I did well, though".
“考试很难。”句号，句子结束。“不过，我认为我做得很好。”
Now here I put a comma when I put though at the end. Now again, this is informal, this is how people speak.
当我在结尾写though的时候，我在这里加了一个逗号。再说一遍，这是非正式的表达，这是人们说话的方式。
Sometimes you can have it in writing, but not in formal writing.
有时你可以在写作中使用它，但不能用在正式的写作中。
But you see how I can put this at the end, I can't put "although" here, that doesn't work.
但你看，我怎么把这个放在最后，我不能把“although”在这里，这是不可以的。
You have to be used "though" at the end of the sentence in informal situations.
在非正式的情况下，在句末你必须使用“though”。
Now, here I change the sentence a little bit. "Even though the exam was easy, I failed".
现在，我稍微改变一下这个句子。尽管考试很容易，我还是没通过。
Now, what's the difference here? "The exam was difficult, I think I did well".
这里有什么不同？“考试很难，我想我考得很好”。
So that there is a contrast, but it's not very strong contrast.
这里有一个对比，但不是很强烈的对比。
Here, "the exam was easy", so if I hear: "the exam was easy", I expect that you did very well.
“考试很简单”，如果我听到：“考试很简单”，我的预期是你考的很好。
That's the whole idea, but I failed, that's drastic. Drastic means that it gets a completely different result than what I expected.
这就是整个意思。但是我没通过，这就是极端的。意思就是结果和我预期的完全不同。
That's why I'm using the "even though". "Even though" it was easy - I failed.
这就是我为何使用“even though”。即使考试很简单，我也没通过。
This should not happen after this. So the difference is so strong from the expectation that you want to use "even though" to emphasize,
在这之后，它是不应该发生的。所以在表达结果和预期非常不同时，你可以使用“even though”来表示强调，
that give me that difference. I hope everybody understands that more or less, their exact same.
表达这种差别。我希望每个人都能理解，或多或少，它们完全一样。
In most situations you can use any one of the three. It won't make that much of a difference.
在大多数情况下，你可以使用这三个中的任何一个。不会有很大的差别。
This one has a certain feeling to it of a strong difference.
这个可以表达强烈的差别的特定感觉。
So, when you're writing an essay, for example, sometimes it will make a difference "even though" or "although", but usually not.
比如，当你写论文时，使用“even though”和“although”有时会有所不同，但是通常不会。
Let's look at "despite" and "in spite of". Now, let's look at "despite" and "in spite of".
我们来看“despite”和“in spite of”。
So first of all, "despite his best efforts the man just couldn't succeed".
所以首先，“尽管他尽了最大努力，这个人还是不能成功”。
Sorry, I forgot to put a little period there at the end. Now, first of all what does it means?
抱歉，我忘了在最后加一个句号。首先，它是什么意思？
It means he tried his best, he tried and tried, and tried but always failed, could never succeed.
意思是他尽了最大努力，他试了又试，试了又试，但总是失败，永远不会成功。
Now, what do you notice about this sentence? Here, there's no verb, it's only a phrase.
关于这个句子，你注意到了什么？这里没有动词，只是一个短语。
This is what we call a phrase. Here you have your regular independent clause with your subject and your verb.
这就是我们所说的短语。这里有规则的独立子句，有主语和动词。
"In spite of his best efforts the man just couldn't succeed". Exactly the same meaning.
“尽管他尽了最大的努力，这个人还是没有成功。”意思完全一样。
This one expression versus the other. Again, I can change it around.
这两个表达的对比。同样，我可以改变它。
"The man just couldn't succeed despite his best efforts". "The man just couldn't succeed in spite of his best efforts", same meaning.
“这个人就是不能成功，尽管他尽了最大的努力”。“这个人就是不能成功，尽管他尽了最大的努力”，同样的意思。
Another way we can use "despite" and "in spite of" is with a gerund - an "ing verb".
另一种用法是将“despite”和“in spite of”与动名词连用，即“动词ing形式”。
This is called a gerund, it's an "ing verb", but we use it like a noun.
这叫做动名词，它是一个“动词ing形式”，但我们把它当作名词使用。
So here the phrase is "being on time to the lecture", not so important.
这里的短语是“准时参加讲座”，不是很重要。
So, "despite being on time" means although he was on time. See, I can mix them up, it's exact same meaning.
“despite being on time”意思是尽管他准时。看到了吗，我可以把它们混合起来，意思完全相同。
We were not admitted, we were not allowed inside.
我们不被允许进去。
So, keep in mind, "despite" and "in spite of" mean the same as "although",
记住，“despite”和“in spite of”的意思和“although”相同，
but "despite" and "in spite of" we use with a phrase, "although" we use with a cause, otherwise same meaning.
但是“despite”和“in spite of”和短语连用，“although”则和从句连用，其他方面意思相同。
If you're not sure and you still have some questions please go to engvid.com.
如果你还是不确定，还有问题的话，请登录英格威英语学习网。
There's a quiz there, you can try all the things out and ask your questions. And yeah, I'll see you next time. Thanks.
那里有一个小测，你可以试用以上表达，向我提问。下次再见。感谢大家。
