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Hey, everyone. I'm Alex.
嗨，同学们好。我是Alex。
Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on cause and effect verbs.
感谢大家的点击，欢迎大家收看，这节课我们讲因果动词。
So, this is an academic writing lesson.
今天是一堂学术写作课。
In this lesson, you will learn some advanced vocabulary, specifically verbs,
通过本课，大家能学到一些大家可以应用到高中或大学作文部分的，
that you can use in your high school or university essays;
比较高级的词汇，尤其是比较高级的动词，
or if you are an English student who is taking the IELTS or the TOEFL,
或者，如果你是学英语的学生，要参加雅思或托福考试的话，
you can use these verbs to really level up your writing in your writing tasks on those tests, Okay?
你也可以在参加这些考试的时候用这些动词来提升你写作部分的分数，好吗？
Now, if you are a writer of another sort;
如果你要完成的是另外一种类型的写作；
if you are an essayist, a fiction writer, a non-fiction writer, or you want to be a writer in the future -
你要写的是散文，小说，纪实作品，又或者你想成为一名作家，
it never hurts to have more vocabulary, to have more power verbs in your arsenal.
丰富词汇量，让自己的肚子里有更多高级的墨水总是没错的。
So, what we're going to do today is improve your vocabulary for your writing and really make your writing that much stronger.
那我们今天要讲的就是如何改善你的写作词汇，让你的写作变得有力得多。
So, I'm going to put this down, and let's start looking at some verbs.
那我先把这个放下来，我们来看几个动词。
Specifically, we are going to look at some effect verbs first.
具体地说，我们首先要看的是几个效果动词。
So, when you think of "effect", you think of the result of something.
想到“效果”这个词的时候，我们想到的肯定是某个事情的结果。
So, we have the verbs: "cause", "produce";
这里我们列举的动词有“cause”（引起），“produce”（产生）；
and we have verb phrases, like: "lead to", "result in";
还有短语动词“lead to”（导致），“result in”（导致）；
and we have: "create", "bring about", "give rise to", and "be responsible for".
还有：“create”（创造）、“bring about”（使……发生）、“give rise to”（使……发生）、“be responsible for”（于……有责任）。
So, these are all formal verbs, and these will definitely formalize your writing; specifically your essays.
这些都是比较正式的动词，它们绝对会让你的写作，特别是你的作文，变得更正式。
So, for example: "cause" - very direct, Right?
举个例子：“casue”，这个的效果含义就比较直接了，对吧？
So: "The 2008 financial crisis caused several problems for multinational banks."
比如：“The 2008 financial crisis caused several problems for multinational banks”（2008年的金融危机给跨国银行带来了几个问题）这句话。
So, this crisis caused these things to happen, All right?
也就是說，是这场危机导致了这些事情的发生，对吧？
Let's continue with: "produce", Okay?
我们继续：“produce”。
So, to produce, create, cause.
produce的意思就是“create”，就是“cause”。
"The medication did not produce the desired effect."
举个例子“The medication did not produce the desired effect”（药没有起到预期的效果。）
So, the medication was supposed to numb the pain, but it didn't do this.
就是说，本来应该止疼的药没有起到这种作用。
It didn't produce the desired effect.
没有产生预期的效果。
So, again, "to produce", think of it in the same family of words as: "cause", "produce", and "create", which we'll see a little bit later on.
所以，“to produce”，我们就可以把它当成“cause”,“produce”和“create”的亲戚，后面三个词我们等会儿再细讲。
Next we have: "lead to".
接下来是“lead to”。
So, if something leads to something else, this means that it causes the next step to happen.
如果说一件事导致了另一件事，这就意味着它引起了下一步的发生。
So, the next step is the effect.
所以，下一步就是它的结果。
So, for example: "Several international incidents led to World War II."
举个例子：“数起国际事件导致了二战。”
So, we're talking about international events, international incidents that led to - gave the cause for World War II.
这里我们谈论的是国际事件，国际事件导致，或者说成了二战发生的起因。
So, if something leads to something else, you know,
也就是说，如果某事导致了另一件事，
you do this thing which causes this thing, so the effect is here.
就意味着你做了会引发另一件事的一件事，另一件事就是它的效果。
One thing leads to or causes another thing.
所以我们可以说一件事leads to或causes另一件事。
"Result in" - very straightforward, I think.
接下来我们看“result in”这个短语动词，词义很明显了吧？
So, "result in": "The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths."
“result in”，举个例子，“The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths.”（地震造成了数千人死亡。）
The effect of the earthquake; the result of the earthquake.
这就是地震的效果；地震的结果。
So: "The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths."
“地震造成了数千人死亡。”
Later we'll look at "a result of", so that will be for cause; but for effect, you can say: "result in".
等会儿我们还会看一个表原因的短语，叫“a result of”，但如果要表效果，我们就用“result in”。
What was the result?
结果是什么？
It resulted in blank; in something.
结果是____；是某件事。
"Create". I think everyone is familiar with the verb "create".
“create”。我想大家都很熟悉create这个动词了吧。
If you're not, here we go.
如果不熟悉，那我先来给大家讲讲。
"The increasing rate of crime is creating numerous issues", numerous problems.
“日益上升的犯罪率正在制造难以计数的问题”，难以计数的问题。
So, it's making problems, creating problems, causing problems.
也就是说，犯罪率正在制造问题，创造问题，引起问题。
So, the effect is that there are numerous problems now because of this.
作用就是因为这些犯罪率，现在有了很多很多的问题。
"Bring about".
接下来我们讲“bring about”。
So, if something brings about something else, it kind of brings it, right?, into effect.
如果一件事引起了另一件事，就等于让另一件事生效了，对吧？
So: "The new regime", the new political party, the new political regime, "brought about stricter laws".
打个比方，“The new regime”（新政权），也就是新的政党，新的政体“brought about stricter laws”（带来了更严格的律法）。
So, imagine there was an election and there is a new political regime,
想象一下，有地方举行了一场选举，选举出了一个新的政权，
and with them they are bringing new laws,
他们带来了新的律法，
so they brought about new laws; they caused new laws to happen.
就可以说他们brought about新的律法；他们让新的律法出现了。
The effect of the political regime are these stricter laws, Okay?
这个政体的效果就是这些更为严格的律法，明白了吧？
Next: "give rise to".
下一个短语动词：“give rise to”。
If something gives rise to something else,
如果一件事使另一件事发生了，
it means that the initial cause creates the conditions necessary for the effect to happen, Okay?
那就意味着前一件事为后一件事的发生创造了必要的条件。
Got that?
明白了吗？
Okay, let's look at the example.
我们来看一个例子。
So: "The election result gave rise to public protests."
比如“The election result gave rise to public protests.”（选举结果引发了民众的抗议。）
So, we have the election result, and: Uh-oh, now the condition is instability in the public
也就是，选举结果出来了，然后，哎呀，民众的情绪不稳定了，
because maybe the public is not happy with the results of the election.
因为大家可能对选举结果不是很满意。
So, it creates the necessary conditions for the public protests.
这样一来，就为民众抗议创造了必要的条件。
So, the election gave rise to; allowed the political protests to happen, the public protests to happen, Okay?
那我们就可以说，选举gave rise to……；让政治抗议发生了，让民众抗议发生了，大家明白了吗？
And: "be responsible for".
接下来是：“be responsible for”。
I think this one is self-explanatory, so, here we go: "No one knows who was responsible for the vandalism."
意思已经很明显了吧，举个例子，“No one knows who was responsible for the vandalism.”（大家都不知道谁应该为这起破坏行为负责。）
So, no one knows who did the vandalism;
换句话说，大家都不知道是谁破坏了公物；
the, basically graffiti, maybe around the bank or some kind of public place, Okay?
比如，银行，或某种公共场所到处都是涂鸦这样的破坏公物行为，
So: Who was responsible for?
谁应该对此负责呢？
You can talk about, you know, these effects and these effect verbs in a variety of contexts.
大家在很多情形下都可以使用这些效果，这些效果动词。
So, here you have stuff like World War II, the economic crisis, rising rates of crime, vandalism, public protests, elections.
比如这里提到的二战啊，经济危机啊，犯罪率上升啊，破坏公物啊，民众抗议啊，选举啊等等等等。
So, these are probably the types of topics you will see if you are writing a high school essay, or if you're writing a university essay.
如果你要写一篇高中作文，或者大学作文，那这些类型的话题应该都是常考的一些话题。
Even if you're not, somewhere in your essay you're probably going to talk about something that caused something else,
即便你不用写高中作文或是大学作文，你要写的东西也还是很有可能要谈到一件事引起了另一件事，
or you're going to talk about the effect of one action and what the reaction of that was.
或者你要讨论某个行为的效果，或者它的反应。
So, these verbs will help you to talk about that reaction, Okay?
那这些动词也能帮你谈论反应，好吗？
So, now, let's look at some other verbs that you can use to talk about the causes of things, All right?
好的，那接下来，我们再来看一些大家在谈论事情的起因的时候能够用到的动词。
So, I'm going to walk to the other board.
现在，我要去另一块黑板面前啦。
Follow me.
大家跟我来。
