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Thanks to Brilliant for supporting this episode of SciShow.
感谢收看本期节目。
Go to Brilliant.org/SciShow to learn more about their course The Chemical Reaction.
登录Brilliant.org/SciShow了解更多《The Chemical Reaction》课程信息。
You were born with a blood type. And whether it's AB positive, O negative, or anything in-between,
大家生来就自带一种血型。不管是AB型、O型，还是介于中间的血型，
that's almost definitely the blood type you'll have your entire life....almost definitely.
你一辈子几乎肯定就是这种血型了……几乎就是。
In some cases, your blood type can change. And one reason it happens has to do with, of all things, cells inside your bones.
在一些情况下，你的血型是可以改变的，原因之一和你骨头中的细胞有关。
Usually, when we're talking about blood types, we use the A-B-O and Rh systems.
通常，当我们在谈论血型时，我们会用到ABO血型系统和Rh血型系统
This refers to different antigens, or markers, on the surface of your red blood cells.
这指的是血红细胞表面上的不同抗原或标记。
Type A blood has the A antigen, type B has the B antigen, type AB has both, and type O has neither.
A型血是A型抗原，B型血是B型抗原，AB型血同时拥有这两种抗原，而O型血是这两种抗原都没有。
Meanwhile, the positive or negative sign usually attached to blood types refers to a protein called Rh factor.
与此同时，通常跟在血型后的阳性或阴性指的是一种被称为Rh因子的蛋白质。
Positive means you have it, negative means you don't. Whatever you have, though, blood type is genetically determined.
阳性代表你有这种蛋白质，阴性表示你没有。不管有什么，血型都是由基因决定的。
What you're born with is generally what you get. And what type you have can be good to know.
生来什么样就是什么样。并且你最好是知道自己是什么血型。
After all, if our bodies recognize blood that isn't compatible with our blood type,
毕竟，如果我们的身体识别出了和我们血型不匹配的血液，
like during a transfusion, it will launch a potentially-deadly response against it.
比如在输血的时候，它会发起一场潜在的致命反击。
So if there's anything that can change blood type, that's important to understand.
所以如果有任何情况可以改变血型，了解这种情况很重要。
So far, we know of one big way that can happen: hematopoietic stem cell transplants.
到目前为止，我们知道有一种方法可以做到：造血干细胞移植。
These cells, or HSCs for short, are found throughout your body, mostly in your bones.
这些细胞，简称HSCs，遍布整个身体，大部分都在你的骨头中。
And since they can be damaged or destroyed by cancer and other diseases, occasionally, someone will need new ones.
由于它们可以被癌症或其他疾病破坏或摧毁，所以人们需要新的细胞。
Those new cells can come from elsewhere in someone's body, but they can also come from a donor.
这些新的细胞来自于人们体内的其他地方，但它们也可以来自捐赠者。
And when they do, that donation can change a patient's blood type.
如果来自捐赠者，那么这就可以改变受者的血型。
Because here's the key: When HSCs settle down in your bones, they produce more specialized cells, including red blood cells.
因为关键是：当HSCs在你的骨头中安定下来，它们会产生更多的特化细胞，包括红细胞。
So if you get an HSC transplant from someone with genes for a different blood type, you're going to churn out different blood.
所以如果你接受了不同血型基因捐赠者的HSC移植，那么你将会产生大量不同的血型。
Overall, these procedures might not sound familiar, but there's likely a kind of HSC transplant you've heard of: Bone marrow transplants.
总的来说，这些过程听起来可能不那么熟悉，但有一种HSC移植大家可能都听过：骨髓移植。
See, despite the name, these transplants aren't about completely replacing the tissue inside certain bones.
尽管名字如此，但这些移植并不会完全替换某些骨头内的组织。
They're specifically about giving someone new hematopoietic stem cells — for instance, to replace cancerous ones.
它们会给患者新的造血干细胞——例如，替代替代癌干细胞。
Now, I mentioned earlier that the body can attack incompatible blood cells.
开始我说过，身体可以攻击不匹配的血细胞。
So it kind of seems like an HSC donor should always have the same blood type as their recipient.
所以似乎HSC捐赠者总应该和受者有相同的血型。
But there's an exception here. Unlike with solid organ transplants, doctors aren't just looking at A-B-O blood type in this case.
但有一个例外。和实体器官移植不一样，医生在此情况中，不仅会考虑ABO血型系统。
Instead, they're making sure people have the same human leukocyte antigens, or HLA type.
他们反而会确保两者拥有相同的人类白细胞抗原，即HLA分型。
Like the A-B antigens, your body uses these markers to tell whether certain cells belong to you.
和A-B抗原一样，你的身体会利用这些标记辨别某些细胞是否属于你。
But when it comes to HSC transplants, these antigens are actually more important than the ones on blood cells.
当在HSC移植中，这些抗原其实比血细胞中的那些更重要。
That's because the stem cells that become our red blood cells don't have A-B antigens yet, but they do have HLAs.
这是因为变成我们血红细胞的干细胞还没有A-B抗原，但却有HLAs。
So if there's a mismatch, the transplant might see some complications.
如果这一环节匹配不当，那么移植可能会出现并发症。
And in some cases, it's easier to deal with a changing blood type than not having a transplant at all.
在某些情况下，处理改变的血型比根本不进行移植要容易得多。
Really, this is a reminder that our bodies are amazing, complicated systems and before we go messing with them,
其实这是在提醒我们，我们的身体是神奇又复杂的系统，在我们扰乱它们之前，
it's helpful to know how everything works.
了解它们是如何工作的是很有帮助的。
Because even understanding something that seems as basic as blood type can have life-saving implications.
因为即便是了解和血型一样的基础知识，也能拯救生命。
If you liked this episode, you might also like Brilliant's course The Chemical Reaction.
如果大家喜欢本期视频，或许你们也会喜欢Brilliant的课程《The Chemical Reaction》。
It's based around puzzles and patterns to help you understand how molecules act and by the end,
它以谜题和模式为基础，帮助你理解分子的行为表现，
you'll know enough to make predictions about chemical systems. Which is pretty impressive.
到最后，你充足的储备能够让你做出关于化学体系的预测。这相当令人印象深刻。
Like all of Brilliant's other courses, this one is hands-on and interactive, and it's available offline through their iOS and Android apps.
和所有Brilliant的其他课程一样，这门课需要动手和互动，并且可以通过他们的iOS和Android应用程序离线学习。
If you want to check it out, you can go to Brilliant.org/SciShow.
登录Brilliant.org/SciShow进行查看。
And the first 200 people to sign up there will get 20% off their annual Premium subscription.
前两百名进行注册的用户，将获得年度会员八折优惠。
