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Have you ever noticed how your footfalls tend to line up when you walk alongside someone?
你有没有注意到，当你和某人并肩行走时，你们的步伐往往会一致？
Seriously, try walking so your footsteps aren't in sync with the person next to you.
说真的，试着走一下，使你的脚步和旁边的人不同步。
It's harder than it sounds.
这比听起来难。
There's actually scientific research showing that pairs of people tend to walk in sync, too.
事实上有科学研究表明，结伴而行的人也倾向于步调一致地行走。
And other studies have found that people's heart rates and breathing
还有其他研究发现，当人们一起做事时，
also tend to line up when they're doing things together, like singing in a choir, for example.
比如在合唱团唱歌时，他们的心率和呼吸也趋于一致。
But it's not just your breathing or heart rate or footsteps that can sync up.
但不仅仅是呼吸、心率或脚步声可以同步。
It's the electrical activity in your brain, too.
大脑中的电活动也可以同步。
People's brain activity syncs during all kinds of social interactions,
人脑活动在各种社交互动中都是同步的，
like playing music together or solving a problem together.
比如一起演奏音乐或一起解决问题。
And by learning about when and how people's brains connect,
通过了解人大脑何时以及如何联结，
researchers are beginning to uncover a whole lot more about what it means to be truly connected to another person.
研究人员开始发现更多关于与他人真正相连意味着什么。
Any activity in your brain creates brain waves: electrical signals that can have different wavelengths and patterns.
大脑中的任何活动都会产生脑电波：具有不同波长和模式的电信号。
And whenever you do something that requires coordination, brain waves from different regions of your brain can sync up.
当你做一些需要协调的事情时，来自不同脑区的脑电波就会同步。
But it wasn't until the last decade or so that scientists learned how these waves can also sync between brains.
但直到最近十年左右，科学家才知道这些波是如何在大脑间同步的。
That research really took off with a 2010 paper on people playing card games;
2010年发表过一篇有关人们玩纸牌游戏的文章，这项研究真正开始于此。
a type of social interaction known as interactive decision-making.
玩纸牌游戏是一种社会互动，称为互动决策。
In the study, published in the journal Brain Topography,
在这项发表在《大脑局部解剖学》期刊上的研究中，
a group of Italian neuroscientists had 14 pairs of subjects play an Italian card game while hooked up to EEGs.
一组意大利神经学家让14对受试者在进行脑电图测试的同时，玩一种意大利纸牌游戏。
Basically, they had a bunch of electrodes stuck to their heads to monitor the electrical activity in their brains.
他们的头上粘了一串电极，监测大脑的电活动。
And they played a game called tressette, which is a four-player game with two people on each team.
他们玩的是一种叫特雷塞特的游戏。这是一种四人游戏，每组两人。
That means the researchers were able to compare the brain waves of people who were working together
这意味着研究者能比较那些合作者，
as well as those who were working against each other.
以及竞争者的脑电波。
The main goal of this study was to show that you could use EEGs to measure multiple people's brain waves at the same time,
这项研究的主要目的，是证明可以用脑电图同时测量多个人的脑电波，
which they called EEG hyperscanning.
他们称之为脑电图同步记录。
But in the process, the team also found something weird.
但在这个过程中，研究团队也发现了一些奇怪的东西。
They happened to find that the brain waves of players on the same team were very much in sync,
他们碰巧发现，同一组成员的脑电波非常同步，
while those of players on opposing teams weren't.
而与对手的脑电图却不同步。
It's worth mentioning that because EEG hyperscanning is a very new field, practically all of the studies that use it are small.
值得一提的是，由于脑电图同步记录是一个全新的领域，几乎所有使用这种方法的研究，规模都很小。
They're meant to introduce new ideas for further research, not conclusively prove anything.
它们的目的是为进一步研究引入新想法，而不是确凿地证明什么。
And with a new field, there's still room to explore these phenomena in all kinds of brains,
在一个新领域里，我们仍然有空间去探索各种大脑中的这些现象，
including those that might process social interactions in atypical ways.
包括那些可能以非典型方式处理社会互动的大脑。
But the results of this card game study led to a whole slew of research using this new technique
但是，这项纸牌游戏研究的结果引出一系列研究。这些研究使用新技术
to measure the connections between people's brain waves during interactive decision-making,
来测量人们在互动决策过程中，脑电波之间的联系，
as well as a bunch of other types of social interactions.
以及其他一些类型的社交互动。.
For example, shared attention is a type of interaction where you communicate with someone else using non-verbal signals, like by looking at each other.
例如，共享注意力是一种互动。在这种互动中，你使用非语言信号与他人交流，比如通过相互注视。
A 2017 study published in the journal PNAS investigated possibly the most adorable example of this: an adult singing to a baby.
2017年发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究，调查了可能是最可爱的例子：一个成年人对着婴儿唱歌。
Researchers from the UK and Singapore had 19 babies listen to an adult singing nursery rhymes
来自英国和新加坡的研究人员让19个婴儿听一位成年人唱童谣，
while she looked at the baby either directly or indirectly.
而她则直接或间接地看着婴儿。
The team found that when the adult was looking directly at the baby, their brain waves were much more in sync with each other.
研究小组发现，当成年人直视婴儿时，他们的脑电波会更加同步。
And the more the baby vocalized during the singing, the stronger the similarity was.
婴儿在唱歌时发出的声音越多，脑电波的相似性就越强。
So even in interactions where you're not necessarily working together towards some goal,
因此，即使不一定要为某个目标而共同努力时，
there's evidence that a stronger connection between people also involves a stronger connection between their brain waves.
仍然有证据能表明，人与人之间更紧密的联结也会使他们的脑波之间存在更强的联系。
But that's just a simple example of people looking at each other.
但这只是人们互相注视的一个简单例子。
Affective communication takes non-verbal interaction a step further,
情感交流使非语言交流更进一步，
where people communicate using more complex emotional signals.
此时人们使用更复杂的情感信号进行交流。
Like when they kiss.
就像人们在接吻的时候。
In a 2014 study published in the journal PLOS One,
2014年，《神经系统科学》期刊上发表了一份研究，
German neuroscientists studied the brain waves of 15 heterosexual couples that they brought into the lab for a smooch sesh.
德国神经科学家将15对异性恋夫妇带入实验室，考察他们的脑电波。
Hey, great date night idea: how about, laboratory!?
嘿，很棒的约会之夜：去实验室过怎么样！？
They asked the couples to kiss each other normally, then kiss each other while they solved math problems in their heads. As you do.
他们要求这些情侣正常地亲吻对方，然后在他们解决大脑中的数学问题时亲吻对方，就像你们会做的那样。
They also asked each partner to kiss their own hand.
他们还要求每个伴侣亲吻自己的手。
All for science, of course.
当然，都是为了科学。
The researchers studied the subjects' brain waves in each scenario and also asked them to rate the quality of the kisses.
研究人员研究了每个场景下受试者的脑电波，并要求他们对接吻的质量进行评分。
They found that, yup, the couples' brain waves were the most in sync while they were kissing each other.
他们发现，没错，情侣们接吻时的脑电波最同步。
And the more satisfied they said they were, the stronger the connection was between their brains.
他们越感到满意，大脑之间的联系就越紧密。
And, surprise! People tended to report more satisfaction from the kisses that didn't involve solving math problems.
令人惊喜的是！人们更倾向于报告说，不用解决数学问题时亲吻，会感到更满意。
So, pro tip: skip the mental math.
给你一些专业的提示：别在心里想着数学题了。
In any case, all of these studies found connections between people's brain waves that reflected the connections they had with each other.
无论如何，所有这些研究都发现了人们脑电波之间的联系，这些联系反映出他们之间的联结。
But we're starting to learn that each person plays an individual role in building that connection, too.
但我们开始了解到，每个人在建立这种联系中都扮演着各自的角色。
In a 2018 study published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
2018年，《纽约科学院年鉴》发表的一项研究中，
researchers monitored the brain waves of a guitar quartet while they played.
研究人员监测了吉他四重奏音乐家演奏时的脑电波。
That's a type of social interaction called joint action, where people are coordinating with each other.
那是一种相互协调的社会行为，人们协作共事。
The researchers on this 2018 paper had already done a bunch of studies on people playing guitar duets,
在这篇2018年的文章中，研究人员对演奏吉他二重奏的音乐家进行了一系列研究。
where they found that the musicians' brain waves synced up with each other.
他们发现音乐家的脑电波相互同步。
For this study, though, they decided to study four musicians at once,
不过，在这项研究中，他们决定同时研究四位音乐家，
and they used computer models to map the connections between the subjects' brain waves.
并使用计算机模型绘制受试者脑电波之间的联系。
And the researchers found that when the connections within an individual guitarist's brain were stronger,
研究人员发现，当一个吉他手大脑中的联结更强时，
like when one guitarist was playing a solo, the inter-brain connection tended to be stronger, too.
比如进行独奏时，大脑间的联系也会更强。
In other words, the connection didn't just emerge from the experience they were sharing,
换言之，这种联系不仅来自于他们共享的体验，
it was also built on the contribution each individual made.
也建立在每个人在一件事的贡献之上。
If there's anything we've learned from the research that's been done so far,
如果说我们从迄今为止所做的研究中学到了什么，
it's that the connections between people run much deeper than we thought.
那就是人与人之间的联系比我们想象的要深得多。
We humans are connected not just by our shared planet or biology or technology, but by the actual patterns in our brain waves.
人类之间的联系，不仅是因为我们共享的星球、生理机制或技术，而是通过大脑电波中的实际模式。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期《心理科学秀》！
If you liked this video, you might be interested in our episode on brain waves,
如果你喜欢这个视频，可能也会对我们关于脑电波的那集节目感兴趣。
where we talk about different kinds of brain waves and the activities you do that create different ones.
在那集节目里，我们讨论了不同种类的脑电波，以及你所做的产生不同脑电波的活动。
You can check that one out next!
你可以接着看那集！
