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第88期:荒诞派戏剧(1)

来源:可可英语 编辑:Vicki   可可英语APP下载 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet

Hey there! I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we'll be discussing the Theater of the Absurd.

嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂” 今天我们要讨论的是“荒诞派戏剧”

Godot? That's your cue. Godot? Godot? It's fine, plenty of time to wait for that guy: not a lot happens in these plays.

戈多?该你出场了!戈多?戈多?好吧 我们有足够的时间等他 今天的剧里他的戏份不多

lights up, when you get around to it.

打灯 如果你闲着的话

What is the Theater of the Absurd, and how absurd is it? Glad you asked! Very! Sometimes.

什么是“荒诞派戏剧”?它有多荒诞?问得很好!非常好!时好时坏吧

It's a movement that got going in the 1950s, influenced by the events of forties.

“荒诞派戏剧”是一场受到40年代的事件影响于20世纪50年代发起的运动

Because, after you've come out of a world war in which millions of people were killed, maybe light comedy doesn't really do it for you anymore.

因为 当你经历了一场有数百万人死亡的世界大战之后 或许喜剧就不再适合你了

The Theater of the Absurd wasn't one of those moments where everyone hung out in bars and had parties together.

“荒诞派戏剧”并不是那种没事在酒吧里闲逛、聚聚会什么的

And maybe that's good, because some of those parties would have been… dour.

那种可能还挺好 因为有些聚会是很……枯燥的

No, it was more of a loose style that a bunch of playwrights started writing in pretty much independently.

不 它是一种更加松散的风格 一群剧作家开始进行独立创作

And then, one day, critic Martin Esslin noticed and wrote an essay about it, and—bam!—a movement was born. Or identified. Or whatever.

之后 有一天评论家马丁·埃斯林注意到了这种现象并写了一篇关于它的文章 然后 砰!一场运动诞生了 或者说被察觉了什么的

The Theater of the Absurd is another style that rejects realism.

“荒诞派戏剧”是另外一种拒绝现实主义的风格

Absurdism, like Dadaism and Surrealism, is predicted on the idea that life doesn't really make sense.

和达达主义、超现实主义一样 荒谬主义也基于这样一种观点 即生活其实没有意义

So theater shouldn't make sense either.

所以戏剧也不应该具备意义

This isn't absurd like comedy-in-2018, more of a deeply dissatisfied, questioning kind of absurd.

“荒诞派戏剧”并不像2018年的喜剧那样荒谬 它更多的是含有一种深深的不满和质疑的荒谬

Plots are disordered. Nothing happens, or if stuff does happen, it's unmotivated.

它的情节是无序的 什么都没发生 或者如果真的发生了什么事也没人感兴趣

Words don't make meaning in the usual way, and characters aren't consistent.

它的预言也不是正常语言的意思 人物也不一致

Mysteries don't get solved, and order doesn't get restored. … LOL

谜团不会被解开 秩序也不会恢复 ……呵呵

Philosophically, the worldview of the Theater of the Absurd is similar to existentialism, probably because Esslin was influenced by Albert Camus.

从哲学上来说 “荒诞派戏剧”的世界观与存在主义相似 可能是因为埃斯林受到了阿尔贝·加缪的影响

In "The Myth of Sisyphus," Camus wrote: "A world that can be explained even with bad reasons is a familiar world.

加缪在《西西弗斯的神话》中写道:“一个即使用不好的理由也能被解释的世界是就是我们熟悉的世界

But, on the other hand, in a universe suddenly divested of illusions and lights, man feels an alien, a stranger.

但是 另一方面 在一个突然失去了幻想和光明的宇宙中 人类感到自己是异类 是陌生人

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His exile is without remedy since he is deprived of the memory of a lost home or the hope of a promised land.

他的背井离乡是无法补救的 因为他失去了对失去的家园的记忆 也失去了对乐土的希望

This divorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting, is properly the feeling of absurdity." … LOL

这种人与生活、演员与场景的分离 正是荒谬感的恰当体现。” ……呵呵

Esslin thought that the Theater of the Absurd could help its audience to accept life as meaningless and maybe not be so depressed about this.

埃斯林认为“荒诞派戏剧”可以帮助观众接受“生活是毫无意义的”这一观念 这样他们或许不会如此沮丧

He wrote: "It is a challenge to accept the human condition as it is, in all its mystery and absurdity, and to bear it with dignity, nobly, responsibly;

他写道:“要接受人类的真实处境以及它所有的神秘和荒谬 并有尊严地、高尚地、负责任地忍受它 这是一种挑战;

precisely because there are no easy solutions to the mysteries of existence, because ultimately man is alone in a meaningless world.

正因为存在这一奥秘没有简单的答案 因为最终人类只是孤独地生活在一个毫无意义的世界里

The shedding of easy solutions, of comforting illusions, may be painful, but it leaves behind it a sense of freedom and relief.

放弃简单的解决办法、放弃令人欣慰的幻想可能是痛苦的 但它会带给你一种自由和解脱的感觉

And that is why, in the last resort, the Theatre of the Absurd does not provoke tears of despair but the laughter of liberation." … … LOL?

这就是为什么“荒诞派戏剧”在最后激起的并不是绝望的眼泪 而是解放的笑声。” …… ……呵呵

There are a lot of playwrights who get labeled absurdist, including Alfred Jarry, Guillaume Apollinaire, and also the Italian playwright Luigi Pirandello,

有很多剧作家被贴上了“荒诞派作家”的标签 包括阿尔弗雷德·贾里、纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔 还有意大利剧作家路易吉·皮兰德罗

king of the "it happened like this. No, it happened like that. Nope, I'm never gonna understand this because the world is fundamentally unknowable play.

他是“事情是这样发生的 不 是那样发生的 不 我永远也无法理解 因为这个世界从根本上来说是不可知的”之王

We're going to look at three other absurdist playwrights today, Jean Genet, Eugene Ionesco, and Samuel Beckett.

今天我们会来看看另外三位荒诞派剧作家:让·热内、尤奈斯库、塞缪尔·贝克特

Jean Genet was born in France in 1910 and was abandoned soon after.

让·热内于1910年出生于法国 出生后不久就被遗弃了

As a kid, he tried to run away a lot, and he often stole.

在他还是个孩子的时候 他经常试图逃跑 而且经常偷东西

When he was fifteen, he was sent to French juvie.

15岁时他被送到法国少管所

When he turned eighteen, he joined the French Foreign Legion, but he was drummed out for being gay.

18岁时他加入了法国外籍军团 但因为是同性恋而被开除

He wandered around for a while, supporting himself with prostitution and petty theft.

后来他四处游荡了一段时间 靠卖淫和小偷小摸来维持生计

He was in and out of prison, and it was in prison that he began to write, completing an experimental novel, "Our Lady of the Flowers," in 1944.

他时常被抓进监狱 也正是在监狱里他开始了写作 1944年他完成了他的一部尝试性小说《花的女人》

Genet became popular with the French intellectual crowd.

之后热内受到了法国知识分子的欢迎

So when he was threatened with life imprisonment in 1949 for more theft, those intellectuals came together to petition the government to free him.

所以当他在1949年因多次盗窃而面临终身监禁时 那些知识分子聚在一起向政府请愿要求将他释放

And the government said okay.

政府说:那好吧

Philosopher and playwright Jean-Paul Sartre was such a fan that he wrote a seven hundred-page analysis of his life and work called "Saint Genet."

哲学家兼剧作家让·保罗·萨特是他的粉丝 他写了一篇长达700页的文章来分析他的生活和他的作品 名为《圣热内》

When Genet turned to the theater, first with the short play "Deathwatch,"

当热内转向戏剧时 他最先出世的作品是短剧《死亡守卫》

he established the themes that would fascinate him for years: sex, power, beauty, degradation, ritual, and theatricality itself.

他确立了令自己迷恋了多年的主题:性、权力、美、堕落、仪式和戏剧本身

Most of the characters in Genet's plays are consciously playing roles that can suddenly be reversed.

热内笔下的人物大多都有意识地扮演着可以突然互换的角色

And with a shift in power dynamics comes a shift in sexual dynamics.

随着权力格局的转变 性格局也发生了变化

Reality often shifts, too, which gives the plays a disturbing, decentering quality.

现实也常常发生变化 这给了这些戏剧一种令人不安的、不诚实的品质

You can see this in "The Balcony," which is set in a brothel that caters to sexual role play,

你可以在他的作品《阳台》和《黑人》中看到这一点 前者以一家妓院为背景 迎合性角色表演

and in "The Blacks," in which a cast of black actors perform in white face.

后者则是一群黑人演员以白人面孔来表演

Genet died in Paris in 1986.

热内于1986年在巴黎去世

Let's take a closer look at Genet's work by dusting off his three-character 1947 drama, "The Maids." Grab a mop, ThoughtBubble:

让我们来认真观看一下热内的作品 看看他于1947年创作的由三个角色组成的戏剧《女仆》 拿起你的拖把思绪泡泡:

"The Maids" begins with a scene between a mistress and her maid, Claire.

《女仆》以一个情妇和她的女仆克莱尔之间的场景开始

Their relationship isn't great. Madame insults Claire, and Claire bullies Madame, forcing her to wear a red dress. Claire spits at her.

他们的关系并不好 夫人侮辱克莱尔 克莱尔欺负夫人 强迫她穿一件红色的连衣裙 然后克莱尔朝她吐口水

Then an alarm clock goes off, startling both women.

之后闹钟响了 吓坏了两个女人

We realize that "Madame" is actually the maid Claire, and "Claire" is her sister Solange,

这时我们才意识到 “夫人”其实是女仆克莱尔 “克莱尔”其实是她的妹妹索兰格

and that this is an elaborate psychosexual game they play, taking turns as Madame.

这是一个精心设计的性心理游戏 她俩轮流扮演夫人

As they wait for Madame, the phone rings. It's Monsieur, Madame's lover.

正当他们等夫人的时候电话响了 是Monsieur 夫人的情人

He's been in prison, mostly because of an anonymous letter the maids sent.

他进过监狱 主要是因为女佣寄来的一封匿名信

Now he is out on bail. Bad news for the maids.

现在他已经获得保释 这对女佣来说是个坏消息

They're afraid he'll recognize their handwriting.

她们担心他会认出她们的笔迹

重点单词   查看全部解释    
absurdity [əb'sə:diti]

想一想再看

n. 荒谬,悖理,荒谬的事

联想记忆
remedy ['remidi]

想一想再看

n. 药物,治疗法,补救
vt. 治疗,补救,

 
challenge ['tʃælindʒ]

想一想再看

n. 挑战
v. 向 ... 挑战

 
quality ['kwɔliti]

想一想再看

n. 品质,特质,才能
adj. 高品质的

 
exile ['eksail]

想一想再看

n. 放逐,流放,被放逐者
vt. 放逐,流放

 
questioning ['kwestʃəniŋ]

想一想再看

n. 质问 v. 询问,审问(question的现在分词

 
provoke [prə'vəuk]

想一想再看

vt. 激怒,惹起,驱使

联想记忆
disturbing [di'stə:biŋ]

想一想再看

adj. 烦扰的;令人不安的 v. 干扰;打断(dist

 
startling ['stɑ:tliŋ]

想一想再看

adj. 惊人的 动词startle的现在分词

 
ultimately ['ʌltimitli]

想一想再看

adv. 最后,最终

 

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