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Hi. Welcome to engVid. I'm Adam.
同学们好，欢迎来到engVid，我是Adam。
Today's lesson is an IELTS lesson,
今天这节课是雅思课，
so as usual, I'll be speaking a little bit faster than normal, give you a little bit of listening practice.
所以，和往常一样，我会稍微加快一点语速，练练大家的听力。
And today we're going to look at specifically the essay types,
今天，我们要具体讲解的是作文类型，
the types of essays you're going to have to come across
也就是要参加雅思考试的那部分同学
for those of you taking the IELTS test in the writing section task two, the independent essay.
在雅思写作部分的任务二，独立作文会碰到的作文类型。
I'm going to talk about the types of essays,
我们今天要讲的是雅思作文的类型，
and a very general idea, a very general discussion about how to approach, generally again, the essay.
我们只笼统地讲一讲概念，对大家应该如何着手完成这一部分的考题的讲解也会比较笼统。
I want to make, talk about templates, but I'll do that a little bit later.
我想做的是，谈谈这部分的模板，这个问题我们后面再详细展开。
So first of all, the main thing to remember,
首先，大家需要牢记的是，
you have essentially three types of essays that you're going to come across on the IELTS writing test.
大家在雅思写作考试中会遇到三种类型的作文。
You're going to have an essay that asks for an opinion,
有要求大家发表意见的作文，
you're going to have an essay that does not ask for an opinion,
有不要求大家发表意见的作文，
and then you're going to have a hybrid, you're going to have a combination of the two. Okay?
还有混合型，也就是两者的结合，大家都记住了吗？
So first let's go over the types of questions you might see that ask for an opinion.
下面，我们先来看看要求大家发表意见的雅思作文可能会问到的一些问题。
Now, it's very important to recognize that not all of you, sorry, not all of the questions,
听着，很重要的一点是大家要认识到，并不是你们所有人，不好意思，是并不是所有问题
are going to be specifically mentioning the word: "opinion", or "think", or "believe", but you still have to recognize.
都会明确提到：“意见”，“觉得”，或者“认为”等字眼，但大家要具备识别这类题型的能力。
So: "Do you agree or disagree with whatever has been mentioned before?"
比如，“你同意还是不同意文中的观点？”
or whatever is written there.
或者不管题干里是怎么说的。
"Do you agree or disagree?"
“你同意还是不同意？”
Take a side.
意思就是要你站队。
"I agree with this because", reasons.
“我同意，因为……”，给出你的理由。
"I disagree because", reasons.
“我不同意是因为……”，给出你的原因。
And similarly: "To what extent do you agree or disagree?"
类似的问法还有：“你在多大程度上同意或不同意……？”
A quick word about "to what extent",
这里我们先简单地说一下“在多大程度上”这个短语，
I personally recommend completely, totally, fully agree with whatever you agree with
我个人推荐的回答是彻底同意，十分同意，百分百同意，不管你同意的是什么，
because it's a much easier essay to write.
以为这种回答写起来简单得多。
If you say: "I somewhat agree",
如果你说：“我有些同意”，
then you have to look at both sides and tell me what you agree with, what you disagree with.
那你就得两方面都讨论，告诉考官你同意什么，不同意什么。
If you say: "I completely agree with this idea",
如果你说：“我完全同意这种看法”，
then you only have to focus on that idea.
那你就只需要讨论这一种想法。
It's much easier.
这样就容易多了。
"Do you think" something, so this is a very direct question about your opinion.
“你认为……”这种问法算是非常直接地问你看法的提问方式了。
"What do you think about this?"
除此之外还有“这个问题你怎么看？”
or "What do you think are the causes of",
“你认为是什么原因造成……”，
"What do you think are the main issues or problems?"
“你认为主要的问题是什么？”
Now: "Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks",
“是利大于弊”，
or: "Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?"
还是“利大于弊？”
As soon as you see, here, the word: "Do", it's a yes/no question,
一旦看到“Do”这个单词，就说明这是一个回答是或不是的问题，
you have to say yes or no, and we're going to talk about yes/no questions.
你只能回答是或不是，这个问题我们一会儿也要详细讲。
But this word: "outweigh".
但这个单词：“大于”。
"Are there more drawbacks or are there more benefits?"
就是问你“是缺点更多呢，还是好处更多？”的意思。
This is an opinion question.
这也是问看法的。
You decide if there are more drawbacks or opinions.
缺点多还是优点多需要你来回答。
"Which is better: This situation or this situation?" Okay?
还有一种问法是“哪种更好，是这种情况呢，还是这种情况呢？”大家懂了吧？
"Is it more important to do this or to do that?"
“是做这件事更重要，还是做那件事更重要？”
So, again, these are all yes/no...this is a choice question,
所以，还是一样，这些都是要回答是/不是类的问题，就是选择题。
because you have the "better", you have the comparative.
因为有“更好”这个关键词，就是要进行比较。
And, again, you have this, plus the yes/no.
还有（“更”）这个词，除了前面的是/不是之外。
So as soon as it's a yes/no question, it's an opinion question.
总而言之，一旦问题里提到了是或不是，那它就是一道问看法的题。
Make sure that you answer very specifically yes or no,
大家的答案务必要清楚地写出是或不是，
this side or this side, and say why you think so.
是选这边，还是这边，还要给出你的理由。
Support your opinion.
要言之有据。
And yes/no, if a question begins with: "Should some...
是/不是，如果问题问的是：“是否应该……
Should somebody do something?",
某人是否应该做某事？”
"Should this be done?",
“这件事是否应该做？”
"Do...Do people need to do this?" for example.
“人们...是否需要这样做？”比如啊。
Excuse me.
不好意思。
Any yes/no question is asking for an opinion. Okay?
任何问是/不是的问题都是在询问看法，大家记住了吗？
Make sure that you give an opinion, make sure that you support that opinion.
大家在回答的时候就务必要给出你的看法，还务必要给出你的依据。
Okay, now, let's go on to the non-opinion questions.
好的，接下来，我们来讲不询问看法类的问题。
"Discuss", so they're going to give you two attitudes, or two views, or two approaches to something.
比如“讨论”这个词，这种题他们会给你两种态度，或者两种观点，或者两种方法。
They say: "Discuss both views. Discuss both attitudes.”
然后说：“讨论上述两种观点，或讨论上述两种态度。”
This is not asking for your opinion.
这种题就不是在询问你的意见了。
So, one thing, it's a general rule of thumb, don't always apply it,
首先，这是一个普遍的经验法则，但请不要不分场合地用，
because some of you don't like to use the word "I",
因为你们中间的有些同学可能不喜欢用“我”这个词，
but if the question has a "you", the answer can, and in most cases should, have an "I". Okay?
但如果题目中有“你”这个词，那你的答案就能，而且大多数情况下都应该用“我”做主语来回答，大家记住了吗？
You don't have to use the personal pronoun.
但大家也不是非要用这个人称代词。
It's not wrong to.
我只是说就算是用了也是没有问题的。
A lot of people are afraid, they think academic essays shouldn't use "I".
很多人都害怕（用“我”），因为他们认为学术作文不应该用“我”做主语。
Totally okay, recommended for a lot of people.
其实是完全没问题的，推荐给你们中间的很多同学。
If you can't make your views clear without using the "I", then use the "I".
如果你不用“我”就不能清楚地阐述你的观点，那就用。
Here, don't use the "I".
但是这边没问看法的问题，就请大家不要用“我”这个词了。
They're not asking for your opinion, don't give them your opinion.
因为考官并不是想询问你的意见，所以，没让给意见就不要给。
This is a descriptive essay: "Discuss both sides",
这是描述型的作文：“讨论两个方面”，
so this is one side, this is the other side, end of story.
这一面，这一面，就完了。
I'm going to show you how to begin your essay in the introduction for these.
后面我会跟大家讲如何在引入部分开始你的作文。
"Compare and contrast these two things", that's it.
还有“对比两个……”，就是这样。
Body paragraph one, this one; body paragraph two, this one.
正文第一段，写其中一个东西；正文第二段，写另一个东西。
"What are the advantages and disadvantages?"
“有什么优势和劣势？”
Body paragraph one, advantages; body paragraph two, disadvantages.
正文第一段，优势；正文第二段，劣势。
That's it.
就这么写。
Problem/solution: "What are the causes" or "What are the problems",
问题/解决方案型：“原因是什么”或“问题是什么”，
so you have cause and solution, you have problem and solution.
这种就要写原因和解决方案，或者问题与解决方案。
"What might be some possible causes for this situation?",
“造成这种情况的可能原因是什么？”
"What do you think are the problems with this approach?"
“你认为这种方法有什么问题？”
That's it.
这种。
"What solutions might actually work to help it?"
有什么解决方案可以帮到忙？”
They're not asking: What solution would you recommend?
考官问的不是：你会推荐什么解决方案？
If they put a "you", you're going to put an "I", an opinion.
如果题干里有“你”，你就可以用“我”回答，因为它问的就是看法。
If they don't put a "you", and they don't ask for an opinion, don't give one.
但如果题干里没有“你”，就不是在问你的看法，那你就不要在答案里写你的看法。
Now: "Why", "What", "How", these are very direct questions.
接下来是“为什么”、“什么”、“如何”这类问题，这些都是非常直接的问题。
"Why are...?", "Why does this thing happen?",
比如“为什么…？”，“为什么会发生这种事？”，
"How can the government help fix this problem?" etc.
“政府如何才能帮助解决这个问题？”等等。
"What are some solutions to this situation?"
“这种情况有哪些解决办法？”
Now, these are more commonly going to be found in the two-part question.
以上这些都是在问两个问题的作文里比较常见的一些问题。
All of these are very straightforward question, this is mostly in the two-part.
所有这些问题都算是问得比较直接的，通常都是在两个问题的作文题里出现。
So, some essays will give you two questions and you have to answer both questions within the essay. Okay?
换句话说，有些作文会给你两个问题，两个问题大家都需要回答，好吗？
