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Simple test will detect h pylori and antibiotic treatment can begin.
简单的检查可以检测出幽门螺杆菌，然后可以开始使用抗生素治疗。
I think it's an incredible discovery.
我觉得这是个不可思议的发现。
I mean that we've actually been able to come so far.
我的意思是我们已经走了这么远。
And where we are with ulcer disease because for so long it was thought that you needed to get rid of the acid.
对于治疗溃疡病，人们长期以来都认为需要去除胃酸。
So the surgery was taking out the acid part of the stomach making it, so that the acid decreased.
所以手术是把胃酸的一部分去掉，减少胃酸。
And also taking out that area where the ulcer is formed primarily.
同时切除溃疡形成的主要部位。
But now we know that it's just a bacterial disease and all you have to do is just take a seven day or ten day course of antibiotics and so that's great.
但现在，我们知道这只是一种细菌性疾病，只需服用7天或10天的抗生素，真不错。
If even one of these diseases proves to be caused by bacteria and thus goes from the incurable
如果这些疾病中有一种被证明是由细菌引起，导致了无法治愈的疾病，
or the where the cure is a very radical and unacceptable to many patients.
或者说治疗方法非常激进，很多病人无法接受。
Take it off that list and put it on the list of diseases that can be readily cured by antibiotics that would be a major contribution.
把它列入抗生素可以轻易治愈的疾病名单上，这将是一个重要贡献。
This is the Institute for genomic research or TIGR.
这是基因组研究所。
Here they pull out a bacterium's genetic blueprint, its DNA.
研究人员提取出一种细菌的基因蓝图，即其DNA。
And break it into chunks that a supercomputer pieces together.
然后把它分成块，用一台超级计算机把它们拼凑在一起。
If the whole DNA is the book describing a bacterium, the genes are the pages.
如果整个DNA是描述细菌的书，那么基因就是书页。
The computers put the pages in the right order.
计算机把书页按正确的顺序排列。
Once the genetic blueprints of microorganisms are completed, the functions of the genes are studied.
一旦完成了微生物的基因蓝图，就可以研究这些基因的功能。
As researchers understand which genes are responsible for growth or disease, they can be manipulated for many purposes.
随着研究人员了解哪些基因对生长或疾病起作用后，就可以被用于多种用途。
And it's given us insight into a much larger question.
这让我们洞悉了一个更大的问题。
We'd like to think that we're highly evolved and therefore our chromosomes are probably highly evolved.
我们认为我们是高度进化的，因此染色体可能也是高度进化。
And bacteria are primitive well in fact the opposite is true.
细菌是原始的，而事实上恰恰相反。
The bacterial chromosomes are very highly evolved if you think of organisms that replicate every minutes to an hour.
如果你想想那些在一分钟到一小时内进行复制的有机体，细菌染色体的进化程度是非常高的。
And they've been doing that for billions of years.
它们数十亿年来都是这么做的。
They've gotten very efficient if everything they do.
它们所做的每件事都很高效。
So that there's no wasted letters and their alphabet and essentially their wall-to-wall genes for all practical purposes.
这样就不会有任何浪费，基本上它们的基因就可以实现所有的实际用途了。
Understanding the genes of microorganisms also opens up thousands of new targets for antibiotics, vaccines and industrial applications.
了解微生物的基因也为抗生素、疫苗和工业应用开辟了数千个新的靶点。
It's amazing the diversity that's out there we know a tiny fraction of 1% of what's out there.
令人惊讶的是，我们对其多样性只是知之甚少。
