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Grief is a universal human experience, and we've been developing ways to cope with loss for millennia.
悲伤是一种普遍的人类体验，几千年来我们一直在寻找应对丧失的方法。
Each culture and generation has its own traditions,
每一种文化和每一代人都有自己的传统，
but one of the more unique methods of grieving emerged during the s alongside the invention of photography.
但是随着摄影的发明，悲伤的一种更独特的方法出现了。
When a loved one passed away, families around the world began hiring photographers to take pictures of that person's body,
心爱的人过世后，世界各地的家庭开始雇佣摄影师来拍摄逝者的尸体，
and the family would sometimes pose with the body, too.
家人有时也会与尸体合影。
This practice is often called post-mortem photography or death photography.
这种做法通常被称为遗体艺术摄影或死亡摄影。
And while it might not be one of the most well-known traditions,
虽然这可能不是最出名的传统之一，
researchers have found it really does help people through the grieving process.
但研究人员发现它确实能帮助人们度过悲伤的过程。
Today, we use cameras and phones to take tons of pictures of those we love.
今天，我们用相机和手机为我们所爱的人拍下大量的照片。
But before the 1830s, there wasn't really a way to do that.
但在19世纪30年代之前，还没有办法能这么做。
Sure, you could have an artist paint a portrait of you, but there was no guarantee that the finished painting would be accurate.
当然，你可以让画家为你画一幅肖像，但不能保证完成的画很准确。
And besides, the average family couldn't afford a formal portrait at all.
此外，普通家庭根本付不起正式肖像画的钱。
Then came the invention of daguerreotype photography.
后来，达盖尔照相术发明出来。
Daguerreotype photography used a copper plate coated with silver iodide to take a picture.
达盖尔照相术是用镀银的铜板来照相。
After the camera exposed the plate to light, you could put the plate in some mercury vapors to start a chemical reaction and get an image.
相机在铜板下曝光后，可以把铜板放在一些水银蒸气中，开始化学反应，然后得到一张照片。
These photographs were much less expensive than paintings, so families could get actual images of their loved ones.
这些照片比画像便宜得多，所以家人可以得到他们所爱的人的真实照片。
But the photographs still weren't cheap.
但这些照片还是不便宜。
They were relatively expensive if you were part of the working class, so people didn't have them taken often.
如果你是工人阶级，它们的价格相对较高，因此人们不经常照相。
As a result, post-mortem photography became the average family's last — and sometimes only — chance to capture an image of those close to them.
因此，遗体艺术摄影成了普通家庭最后一次，有时也是唯一一次获得身边人照片的机会。
Families often displayed these pictures proudly on walls and mantles.
家人经常自豪地把这些照片挂在墙上和帷幔上。
And some people even had post-mortem photographs taken of their furry family members, too!
有些人甚至还为家人拍摄遗体艺术摄影！
Which I totally understand.
我完全理解。
This practice was more than just an interesting historical tidbit,
这一做法绝非有趣的历史花絮，
though Research has found that these photos gave — and still give! — people an effective way to cope with grief.
不过研究发现，这些照片的确能给予人们应对悲伤的有效方法。
First, these photographs can make it easier for people to talk about their loss.
首先，这些照片可以让人们更容易地谈论他们的丧失。
If you've ever flipped through a scrapbook or photo album with an older family member,
如果你曾经和一位年长的家庭成员翻阅过剪贴簿或相册，
you may have experienced this as they've shared memories of people you've never met.
你可能会经历过这样的经历，他们会与你分享那些你从未见过的人的记忆。
When a person experiences a traumatic incident like the death of a loved one,
当一个人经历像亲人去世这样的创伤事件时，
they sometimes struggle to articulate their thoughts and feelings — or to speak about their experience at all.
他们有时会很难表达自己的想法和感受，或者根本不去谈论他们的经历。
But post-mortem photographs help with that.
但遗体艺术摄影对这种情况有帮助。
They're visual proof that a loved one actually existed, which can help people feel like their grief is legitimate and worth talking about.
这些照片是爱人真实存在的直观证据，可以帮助人们感觉到他们的悲伤是合理的，值得谈论。
It's just easier to talk about these things if you have photos and stories to share.
如果你有照片和故事可以分享，那么谈论这些事情就更容易了。
And for many, telling those stories is a major step in coming to terms with their loss.
对许多人来说，讲述这些故事是他们接受丧失的重要一步。
Next, death photographs also serve as a way of strengthening an emotional connection
其次，遗体艺术摄影也是加强
between the person who passed away and the person viewing the photo.
逝者和观看照片的人之间情感联系的一种方式。
When you look at a photograph, your brain gives it a symbolic meaning, which is tied to your emotions.
当你看一张照片时，大脑会赋予它一种象征意义，这与你的情绪有关。
For instance, looking at a picture from one of your favorite vacations can help you reconnect with the giddy joy you experienced as that shot was taken.
例如，看一张你最喜欢的假期照片，可以帮助你重新感受拍摄时的那种令人眩晕的喜悦。
According to a 2004 paper from the Canadian Art Therapy Association Journal, this happens because photos freeze an exact moment in time.
根据2004年加拿大艺术治疗协会杂志的一篇论文，这种情况的发生是因为照片冻结了一个准确的时间。
So looking at one makes you feel like you're physically present in that moment.
所以，看着一张照片会让你觉得你在那一刻是真实存在的。
So when someone looks at a photograph of a deceased loved one,
有人看到一张已故爱人的照片时，
it can feel like they're right there with them, allowing them to maintain their emotional connection with that person.
会觉得他们就在身边，让他们能够与那个人保持情感上的联系。
And while Western psychologists used to think this was a bad thing that prolonged grief,
尽管西方心理学家过去认为这是延长悲伤时间的坏事，
newer research shows that maintaining those connections is actually a healthy way to cope with loss.
但最新的研究表明，保持这些联系实际上是应对丧失的一种健康方式。
Finally, for some, the grieving process can be prolonged by the fear that by moving on, they'll eventually forget their deceased loved ones.
最后，对一些人来说，悲伤的过程会因为害怕继续前行而延长，他们最终会忘记逝去的亲人。
This may have been a huge thing in the 19th century, because mortality rates were extremely high.
这在19世纪可能是一件大事，因为当时死亡率极高。
Like, in 1830s England, the average life expectancy was in the high 30s due to poor living conditions, rampant disease, and high infant mortality rates.
像19世纪30年代的英格兰，由于生活条件差、疾病猖獗、婴儿死亡率高等原因，平均预期寿命在30多岁。
Almost 20% of children died before the age of five.
近20%的儿童在5岁之前死亡。
So post-mortem photographs gave people a way to capture an image of their friends or family
因此，遗体艺术摄影给了人们一种获得朋友或家人照片的方法，
that preserved their memories of the deceased long after their death.
这些照片在死者逝去后很长一段时间内都能保存他们对逝者的记忆。
And it can do the same for people today.
对今天的人们来说也是如此。
Multiple studies have shown that post-mortem photography is especially helpful for parents who have lost an infant either before or shortly after birth.
多项研究表明，对那些在出生前或出生后不久就失去婴儿的父母来说，遗体艺术摄影尤其有用。
Unlike with the death of an older family member, parents are often left with few mementos of their child.
与年长的家庭成员的去世不同，父母通常只留下很少与孩子在一起的留念。
So post-mortem photographs not only provide that for them; they're also proof that their baby existed.
所以，遗体艺术摄影不仅为他们提供了证据，而且也证明了他们的孩子存在过。
Additionally, these photos can help parents grieve by allowing them to tell their child's story.
此外，这些照片让他们讲述孩子的故事，从而帮助父母感到悲伤情绪。
All of the hopes and dreams they had for their kid still matter, and pictures give parents a way to share those stories.
他们对孩子抱持的所有希望和梦想仍然很重要，照片给了父母一种分享这些故事的方式。
In fact, one 2007 paper, which reviewed three studies about this, found that these pictures can be an essential tool for coping with the loss of an infant.
事实上，一篇2007年发表的论文回顾了三项有关这方面的研究，发现这些照片可以成为应对失去婴儿的重要工具。
When surveyed, an impressive 95 to 100 percent of participants said
在接受调查时，95％至100％的参与者表示，
post-mortem photos of their babies were a "helpful and important" part of their grieving process.
他们孩子的遗体艺术摄影是他们悲伤过程中的“有用且重要”的部分，该数字令人印象深刻。
So while grief and mourning will always be tough, post-mortem photography can help make the process just a little easier.
所以，虽然悲伤和哀悼总是很艰难，但遗体艺术摄影可以让这个过程变得简单一点。
And when it comes to something like grief, even something that makes it "just a little" easier counts for a lot.
当涉及到悲伤这种事时，即使是让它变得“稍微”轻松一点也很重要。
This episode was about pretty heavy topics, so if you'd like to watch something a little lighter after this,
本期节目的话题很沉重，如果你想再看一些轻松的节目，
you can check out our episode about animal-assisted therapy, which also involves some fascinating psychology.
可以关于动物辅助治疗的视频，也涉及一些有趣的心理学。
And if you want to explore a different field of science, you can also check out SciShow Space or our main SciShow channel.
如果你想探索不同的科学领域，也可以去看看科学秀空间或者我们的科学秀主频道。
As always, though, thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
一如既往地感谢你们收看本期心理科学秀。
