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Phew! It sure is hot out today. I could use a nice, cold glass of water to cool down.
唷！今天外面可真热，我需要一杯清凉的水来降降温。
You know. What an amazing star our Sun is. Even though it's way out in space, it can still make us feel so hot!
你知道，我们的太阳是一颗非常神奇的恒星，即便它在遥远的太空中，但仍能让我们感到很热！
That's a great question! We know the Sun is a star, but what is it made of?
问得好！我们都知道太阳是一颗恒星，但它是由什么构成的呢？
And how do we know that when it's too far away—and too hot—for us to study up close?
我们怎么知道距离太远、太热就不能细细研究它呢？
Well, it turns out that we can thank Dr. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin for that! She figured out what the Sun is made of back in the 1920s.
嗯，对此我们应该感谢塞西莉亚·佩恩-加波施金！早在20世纪20年代她就发现了太阳的构成。
You see, back in 1900, everyone thought that stars like our Sun were made of the same stuff as the Earth, just… hotter.
你看，在1900年，大家都认为像太阳这样的恒星和地球是由相同的物质构成的，只不过……它更热。
Like, they thought stars had a lot of iron in them—a heavy and hard material found in rocks.
比如，他们认为恒星中有很多铁——一种在岩石中发现的重而硬的物质。
After all, there's a ton of iron here on Earth, and we use it all sorts of ways, like to make buildings stronger and in really tough frying pans.
毕竟，地球上有一吨的铁，我们用各种方式使用它，比如让建筑物更坚固，制作非常结实的平底锅。
But then, a girl named Cecilia Payne was born in England. She grew up loving science.
但后来，一个叫塞西莉亚·佩恩的女孩在英国出生了，她从小就热爱科学。
And by the time she was finishing college, she knew she wanted to be an astronomer, or someone who studies space.
当她大学毕业时，她知道自己想成为一名天文学家或者研究太空的人。
The trouble is, to do that, Ms. Payne needed even more school.
问题是，要做到这一点，佩恩需要学习更多知识。
And at that time, the people in charge of the universities in England wouldn't let women study space because they didn't think women could be good astronomers.
在那个时候，英国大学的负责人不让女性研究太空，因为他们认为女性不能成为优秀的天文学家。
Boy, would she prove them wrong! She wasn't about to let anyone stop her from pursuing her dreams.
男同志们，她会证明他们是错的！她不会让任何人阻止自己追求梦想。
So, in 1923, Ms. Payne moved to the United States to go to Radcliffe College—an entire school for women taught by Harvard University professors.
所以，1923年，佩恩女士搬到了美国，去了拉德克利夫学院——这是一所由哈佛大学教授教学的女性学校。
Then, in just two years, she figured out that astronomers were wrong about what stars like the Sun are made of!
然后，仅仅两年时间，她就发现天文学家关于“像太阳这样的恒星是由什么组成的”的看法是错误的！
And she did it by looking at the color of their light. Well, sure, sunlight looks white or maybe a little yellow overall.
她通过观察太阳发出的光的颜色来做到这一点。嗯，当然，阳光看上去是白色的，或者可能还有一点儿黄。
But really, it's made of a bunch of different colors of light mixed together.
但其实，太阳是由一堆不同颜色的光混合在一起组成的。
It's kind of like how, if you mix blue and red paint, you get purple.
这有点像，如果你把蓝色的和红色的颜料混合，那么出来的会是紫色。
Except, with light, if you mix a bunch of colors, you actually get white!
但是，如果你将不同颜色的光线混合在一起，实际上出来的会是白色！
Ms. Payne was able to look at all the different colors of light coming from the Sun using a special telescope.
佩恩女士能够通过一种特殊的望远镜观察来自太阳的所有不同颜色的光。
And because of what she learned in school, she could use those colors like a code to figure out what the Sun was made of.
她利用自己在学校学到的知识，可以把这些颜色当成密码来计算太阳的组成。
The thing is, though, doing this is actually pretty hard if you don't have a computer to help you.
问题是，如果不借助电脑的帮助，想要做到这一点是相当困难的。
And no one had those back in 1923, when Ms. Payne started at Radcliffe.
1923年佩恩刚进入拉德克利夫学院时还没有人有电脑什么的。
Which is why no one had done the work she decided to do! She had to be really careful and focused as she worked, but her attention to detail paid off.
这就是为什么没有人做她决定做的工作！她在工作时必须非常细心和专注，但她对细节的关注换来了回报。
She discovered that, unlike Earth—which is made of many things, including a lot of iron— stars like the Sun are mostly made of just two things.
她发现，与地球不同——地球是由许多物质组成的，包括很多铁——而像太阳这样的恒星主要是由两种物质组成的。
They're made of something called hydrogen, which you can find on Earth, but it's usually mixed with other things.
它们是由氢构成的，地球上也可以找到氢，不过地球上的氢通常和其他物质混在一起。
And they're made of helium—the same stuff that makes balloons float!
而且它们是由氦气组成的——和令气球漂浮的物质是一样的！
All that careful work was more than enough to show Ms. Payne's teachers and her school that she was a great scientist and astronomer.
所有这些细致的工作足以向佩恩女士的老师和她的学校表明她是一位伟大的科学家和天文学家。
So, at 25 years old, she earned the highest kind of college degree you can get: a PhD.
所以，佩恩在25岁的时候获得了最高级别的大学学位：PhD。
And when people earn a PhD, we call them a doctor.
当某人获得PhD时，我们就可以称他为“博士”。
So Ms. Payne officially became Dr. Cecilia Payne — and the first person to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College.
于是佩恩女士正式成为了塞西莉亚·佩恩博士——她也是拉德克利夫学院第一位获得天文学博士学位的人。
Right? She was super cool. Other astronomers didn't believe her amazing findings right away, though.
是吧？她太酷了。不过，其他天文学家当时并不相信她的惊人发现。
Some even called them "impossible"! And it took Dr. Payne years to convince them that she was right.
有些人甚至说她的理论“不可能”！佩恩医生花了很多年才让他们相信自己是对的。
Part of the reason for that was that she was a woman, and at the time, many important scientists still didn't believe that a woman could be a great astronomer.
部分原因是因为她是女性，在那个时候，许多大科学家仍不相信女性可以成为伟大的天文学家。
Which, obviously, was super wrong and unfair. Eventually, though, the rest of the astronomers came around.
显然，这是非常错误的、不公平的。然而，最终，其他的天文学家也都信服了。
And in 1956, the now-married Dr. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin became the first woman full professor at Harvard University and the head of the whole team that studied astronomy!
1956年，已婚的塞西莉亚·佩恩-加波施金博士成为哈佛大学的第一位女正教授，也是整个天文学研究团队的负责人！
Today, people remember her as the incredible astronomer who discovered what the stars were made of, and in doing so, changed the way we think about space forever.
今天，人们记住她是一位不可思议的天文学家，她发现了恒星的构成，并因此永远地改变了我们对太空的看法。
Yeah, she was a pretty amazing scientist. And it just goes to show that if you believe in yourself and work hard, you can achieve great things.
是啊，她是个了不起的科学家。这也表明，如果你相信自己，努力工作，你就可以取得伟大的成就。
Yeah, I feel pretty cooled off, too. So let's go back out and enjoy the sun!
是啊，我也觉得有点凉了，所以咱们回去享受阳光吧！
Thanks for learning about Dr. Payne-Gaposchkin and how she discovered what the Sun is made of!
感谢您学习有关佩恩-加波施金博士以及她是如何发现太阳的组成成分的知识!
If you want to keep learning about awesome science with us, be sure to click that subscribe button. Bye for now!
如果你想和我们一起继续学习神奇的科学，一定要点击订阅按钮。现在拜拜啦！
