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This episode of SciShow Kids is made in partnership with our friends at Soil Cycle.
本期《儿童科学秀》是和我们的朋友Soil Cycle合作制作的。
Hey, everyone! Squeaks and I just got back from our nature walk, and it's time to record our observations.
嘿，大家好，吱吱和我刚从野外散步回来，是时候记录一下我们观察的结果了。
Okay, so what did we see today?
好的，我们刚刚看到了什么呢？
Some oak trees. I bet those grew from the acorns we see by the woods!
一些橡树。我敢说这些树是从树林里的橡子里长出来的！
What else?
还有呢？
oh, some blackbirds.
哦，一些黑色的小鸟。
Remember when they had just hatched earlier this year? Ok, one next.
还记得今年早些时候它们刚孵出来的时候吗？好的，下一个。
Oh yeah, all of the seeds we planted this spring have grown into beautiful flowers!
哦，是的，我们今年春天种下的所有种子都长成了美丽的花儿。
We have such good soil in our garden — or what you sometimes hear called dirt.
我们的花园里有非常好的土壤——有时我们也叫它“泥土”。
The good soil really made a great place for those little seeds to grow. Ok. What else, Squeaks?
好的土壤真的是这些小种子生长的好地方。好的，还有什么呢，吱吱？
Oh, what are you thinking about?
昂，你在想什么？
Oh, that's such a good question. Squeaks was just asking where soil comes from.
哦，问得好。吱吱刚才问土壤是从哪里来的。
On our walk, we saw plants that came from seeds and birds that came from eggs, so what about soil?
我们散步途中看到了由种子进化而来的植物和由蛋进化而来的鸟类，那么土壤从哪里来的呢？
Well, soil comes from a few places! And it's made all the time outside, just by everyday things happening in nature!
嗯，土壤来自好几个地方，而且都在室外，是在大自然的瞬息变化中产生的。
Soil is mostly made of tiny bits of rock.
土壤主要是由小块岩石构成的。
Over hundreds or even thousands of years, big rocks are slowly broken into smaller pieces. And there are a few ways that can happen.
经过数百年甚至数千年的时间，大石头慢慢碎成小石头，就是以下几种情况。
For example, this can happen as waves from a stream or an ocean hit rocks, or as strong winds blow on them.
例如，当来自小溪或海洋的波浪撞击岩石时，或当强风吹向岩石时，就会发生这种情况。
When that happens, the wind or water slowly breaks off tiny pieces of rock and sweeps them away.
当这种情况发生时，风或水会慢慢地把岩石的小碎片吹散。
Or, sometimes, rocks are trapped under lots of other, heavy rocks.
或者，有时岩石被困在很多其他的重岩石下面。
And if the rocks on top shift or scrape against the rocks on the bottom, that can break the rocks into smaller pieces, too.
如果顶部的岩石移动或摩擦底部的岩石，也可以把岩石打碎成更小的碎片。
Rain can even get into holes in rocks, and freeze there in the winter. And then, the ice can slowly crack rocks wide open.
雨水甚至可以钻进岩石洞里，冬天会在那里结冰，然后冰就会慢慢地把岩石劈开。
No matter how it happens, when rocks are broken into pieces like this, we call it weathering. And even plants and animals can weather rocks!
不管发生什么，当岩石像这样破碎成碎片时，我们称之为风化作用，植物和动物甚至也能将岩石风化！
Roots can split rocks as plants grow, and digging animals like moles can scratch up rocks as they burrow around them.
植物在生长的时候它的根可以劈开岩石，鼹鼠等挖掘动物在岩石周围挖洞的时候也可以抓破岩石。
Now, Squeaks, you know there are lots of different kinds of rocks, right?
吱吱，你知道有很多不同种类的岩石，对吧？
They come in all different colors and textures. Do you think that they all make the same kind of soil?
它们有各种不同的颜色和质地，你觉得岩石做出来的是同一种土壤吗？
You're right, different rocks make all different kinds of soil.
你说得对，不同的岩石会形成不同的土壤。
Rocks like quartz are really hard, so they take a long time to weather, and when they do, they make hard, grainy soils like sand.
像石英这样的岩石非常坚硬，所以需要很长时间才能风化，风化之后，就会形成像沙子一样坚硬的颗粒状土壤。
Other rocks, like shale, are a little easier to break.
其他岩石，比如页岩，比较容易破碎。
So shale, for example, weathers into really teeny-tiny pieces, and makes thick, softer soils like clay.
例如，页岩被风化成非常小的碎片，然后形成又厚又软的土壤，比如粘土。
Soil isn't just rock, though. It also contains living things, and pieces of things that used to be alive.
不过，土壤不仅仅是岩石，它还包含有生命的东西以及曾经有生命的东西的碎片。
Things like dead leaves, bits of old logs and plant stems, even old bones and fur that have broken down over many months or years — they're all part of soil.
像枯叶、老木头和植物的茎，甚至是经过数月或数年分解的老骨头和毛皮——它们都是土壤的一部分。
Scientists call these pieces of plants, animals, and fungi organic matter.
科学家称这些植物、动物和真菌为有机物质。
And it's full of nutrients, the stuff that plants need to survive.
有机物质富含营养，是植物的生存所需。
Some soil is full of organic matter, so it's really good for growing plants. Other soil doesn't have as much.
有些土壤富含有机物，所以很适合种植植物，而有些土壤里则没有很多有机物。
Good question! How can you tell which soils have a lot of organic matter?
问得好！怎么判断哪些土壤含有大量的有机物呢？
Well, organic matter is dark black. So you can guess how much organic matter is in soil by looking at how dark a color it is.
有机物是深色的，所以可以通过观察土壤颜色的深浅来猜测土壤中有机物的含量。
The closer it is to black, the more organic matter is in it.
土壤的颜色越接近黑色，里面的有机物就越多。
Good eye! The soil in our garden is really dark. Good black soil has a bunch of organic matter in it, so it's great for growing flowers.
观察的很好，我们花园里的土壤就很黑。好的黑土里有很多有机物，所以很适合种花。
Soil is made out in nature every day, but it does take a very long time.
大自然每天都在制造土壤，但确实需要很长时间。
The soil you see outside was made over many years — around a hundred years for just the top layer of soil!
大家在外面看到的土壤是经过很多年才形成的——仅仅是最上层的土壤，就要花大约100年的时间！
And every day, rocks and organic matter are changing just a little bit, slowly turning into more and more soil.
岩石和有机物每天都在一点点地变化，慢慢地变成越来越多的土壤。
Ooh! Maybe we can see how things change as we take more nature walks, Squeaks. That sounds fun.
噢！吱吱，或许如果我们多多地在大自然中散步，就能看到土壤是如何形成的，听起来很有趣。
We'll have to take some good notes if we're going to notice where soil is being made outside, though.
不过，如果我们在外面观察到了土壤的形成过程，那我们就得好好记笔记了。
And You can become a neighborhood soil scientist, too!
或许你也可以成为一名社区土壤科学家哦！
See where soil is being created near your home or school, and look closely at what the color of the soil around you might tell you.
可以观察你家或学校附近的土壤，仔细观察周围土壤的颜色。
Are there tree roots weathering rocks, or are there dead leaves or other organic matter mixed in with the soil?
是否有树根风化岩石，是否有枯叶或其他有机物混入土壤中？
You can record your findings like Squeaks and I do, and we'll be excited to have another soil scientist to share in our observations.
你可以像我和吱吱一样记录你的发现，我们会很高兴能有其他的土壤科学家和我们一起分享观察结果。
And speaking of soil. the next few SciShow Kids episodes are brought to you by our friends at Soil Cycle.
说到土壤，接下来的儿童科学秀节目将由我们在Soil Cycle的朋友为您呈现。
They collect food scraps and make compost in the town of Missoula, Montana They do really cool things with soil and we were excitex to partner with them to make these episodes.
他们在蒙大拿的米苏拉镇收集食物残渣，制作堆肥。他们用土壤做很酷的事情，我们很高兴能和他们合作制作这些短片。
If you wanna learn more about soil you can hit the subscribe button We'll be talking about soil a lot this month at the fort See you next time.
如果大家想了解更多关于土壤的知识，可以点击订阅按钮，本月我们将在堡垒多聊聊土壤，下次见。
