评论
打印
NECROSIS vs APOPTOSIS
坏死和凋亡
Hello, Everyone!
大家好！
This tutorial will explain to you the main difference between Apoptosis and Necrosis.
本教程将向您解释凋亡和坏死之间的主要区别。
INTRODUCTION
前言
All cells in a multicellular organism undergo growth and death.
多细胞生物中的所有细胞都经历生长和死亡。
Cellular death is essential for an organism to grow and survive.
细胞死亡是生物体生长和生存的必要条件。
Human body is made up of innumerable types of cells in various parts of the body.
人体是由身体不同部位的无数种细胞组成的。
There are mainly two types in which a cell undergoes death, either through exposure to harmful environment, injury or through a pre-planned and regulated process of disintegration.
细胞死亡主要有两种类型，一种是由于暴露于有害环境、受到损伤，另一种是由于预先计划和管制的解体过程。
Cell death occurs via two different processes: one being necrosis and the other being apoptosis.
细胞死亡有两种不同的过程：一种是坏死，另一种是凋亡。
Now the question is WHAT IS NECROSIS?
现在的问题是：什么是坏死？
Necrosis is a process of cellular death which occurs when cells are exposed to extreme conditions which are very different from normal living conditions.
坏死是一种细胞死亡的过程，当细胞暴露在与正常生存条件非常不同的极端条件下时，就会发生坏死。
This leads to damage to the internal cellular environment and rapid cell and tissue damage.
这会导致对细胞内环境的破坏，并导致细胞和组织的快速损伤。
So the basic inability of the cell to maintain balance when exposed to rough conditions leads to complete discord in the cell’s functioning and eventually its death.
因此，当细胞暴露在恶劣的环境中时，基本不能保持平衡，这会导致细胞功能的完全不协调，最终导致细胞死亡。
WHAT IS APOPTOSIS?
什么是细胞凋亡？
Apoptosis is a pre-planned, regular process of cell death occurring in the body where the cell itself actively takes part in its own death.
细胞凋亡是一种预先计划好的、有规律的细胞死亡过程，发生在体内，细胞本身积极参与自己的死亡。
It occurs as a part of normal cellular multiplication and turnover.
它是正常细胞增殖和更新的一部分。
So cells die naturally to maintain a balance of the cellular multiplication.
因此细胞自然死亡可以维持细胞增殖的平衡。
Apoptosis is required for smooth functioning of the body.
细胞凋亡是身体正常运作所必需的。
Most cells in the body have a shelf-life, for example, red blood cells live for 120 days.
人体内的大多数细胞都有生命周期，例如，红细胞可以活120天。
At the end they are destroyed in the body.
最后，他们会在身体里被摧毁。
This is a method of apoptosis.
这是一种细胞凋亡的方式。
DIFFERENCE IN CAUSE AND PRESENTATION
原因和表现不同
Necrosis is a pathological process which is detrimental to the body.
坏死是一种对身体有害的病理过程。
It occurs when the cells are exposed to toxins, or on exposure to extreme conditions which could be anything from increased temperature, decreased oxygen levels, etc.
当细胞暴露在毒素中，或者暴露在极端的条件下，可能是温度升高，氧气水平下降等，就会发生这种情况。
These conditions lead to damage to the wall or membrane of the cell.
这些情况会导致细胞壁或细胞膜的损坏。
An inability to maintain normal functioning in these conditions leads to an imbalance in the internal environment of the cell.
在这些条件下细胞无法维持正常功能，导致细胞内部环境失衡。
This leads to inflammation and tissue damage which leads to accumulation of cellular debris.
这会导致炎症和组织损伤，从而导致细胞碎片的堆积。
Apoptosis is a normal, natural process which is necessary for the body as it maintains a balance in the number of cells in the body.
细胞凋亡是一个正常的、自然的过程，对身体来说是必要的，因为它保持了身体中细胞数量的平衡。
If the cells do not die on time, it can lead to a tumor or cancer formation which is an accumulation of unwanted cells.
如果细胞没有按时死亡，可能会导致肿瘤或癌症的形成，这是多余细胞的堆积。
If cells die too fast, it can lead to conditions such as AIDS, heart disease and liver disease.
如果细胞死亡过快，可能会导致艾滋病、心脏病和肝病等疾病。
So if apoptosis does not take place as it should, there will be signs of disease.
因此，如果细胞凋亡没有像它应该发生的那样发生，就会出现疾病的迹象。
DIFFERENCE IN STRUCTURAL CHANGES
结构变化的差异
In necrosis, there is loss of integrity of the wall of the cell which leads to swelling of the cell's contents as well as disintegration of small bodies of the cell.
坏死时，细胞壁失去完整性，导致细胞内容物肿胀和小细胞体解体。
In apoptosis, there is no disintegration of the cell membrane/wall, rather, there is a of cellular contents along with clumping of the membrane.
在细胞凋亡过程中，细胞膜或细胞壁没有解体，而是随着细胞膜的聚集，细胞内容物大量减少。
This leads to formation of condensed bodies known as apoptotic bodies.
这导致了被称为凋亡小体的浓缩小体的形成。
These bodies are recognized by the immune system of the body and destroyed efficiently by the immune cells.
这些浓缩小体被身体的免疫系统识别，并被免疫细胞有效地摧毁。
Thus, it is a well coordinated process due to which there is no accompanying inflammatory reaction.
因此，这是一个协调良好的过程，因此没有伴随的炎症反应。
DIFFERENCE IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
生化反应的差异
Necrosis is a passive process which does not require energy and can occur at any point of time.
坏死是一个被动过程，不需要能量，可以发生在任何时间点。
This is a random event which is unregulated.
这是一个不受控制的随机事件。
Apoptosis is an active process which requires energy and occurs in an organized manner.
细胞凋亡是一个活跃的过程，需要能量，并以一种有组织的方式发生。
Many enzymes and agents are required to carry out various steps of this process.
进行这一过程的各个步骤需要许多酶和试剂。
SUMMARY
综述
Apoptosis and necrosis are variants of cell death that vary greatly in all ways except the end result.
细胞凋亡和坏死是细胞死亡的变体，除了最终结果外，在各方面都有很大差异。
Necrosis is a type of cell death wherein the cell dies an untimely death due to uncontrolled external factors and apoptosis is a predefined cell suicide wherein the cell actively destroys itself to maintain smooth functioning of the body.
坏死是细胞死亡的一种类型，其中细胞由于不受控制的外部因素而过早死亡，而凋亡是一种预先定义的细胞自杀，即细胞主动破坏自己以维持机体的正常功能。
Apoptosis is a natural physiological process which is required by the body while necrosis is a pathological process which stems from inflammation and tissue damage.
细胞凋亡是机体必需的自然生理过程，而坏死则是由炎症和组织损伤引起的病理过程。
