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People sometimes describe nature as a dog-eat-dog world.
人们有时将自然界描述为一个狗咬狗的世界。
Some of the biologists depict nature as a battlefield basically where selfish tendencies tend to prevail.
一些生物学家把自然界描述为一个战场，在那里，自私的倾向往往占上风。
And from morality, the evolution of morality there's very little room.
从道德上来说，道德的演变局限性很大。
What they mean is that all they see is competition.
他们的意思是，他们看到的都是竞争。
I win, you lose, winning is better than losing and so on.
我赢，你输，赢比输好，等等。
That's totally wrong.
那是完全错误的。
I fought against that sort of characterization of animal society all my life, because just like human society it is built on a lot of friendship and cooperation at the same time.
我一生都在反对这种对动物社会的定性，因为就像人类社会一样，它是建立在大量的友谊和合作之上。
We'd like to deny that connection that exists between us and animals.
我们想否认我们和动物之间存在的这种联系。
Certain tendencies, such as a sense of fairness, empathy, caring for others, helping others,following rules, punishing individuals who don't follow the rules, all of these tendencies can be observed in other primates.
比如某些倾向，如公平感、同理心、关心他人、帮助他人，遵守规则，惩罚不遵守规则的人，所有这些倾向都可以在其他灵长类动物身上看到。
And they're saying these are the ingredients that we use to build a moral society.
他们说这些是我们用来建立一个道德社会的要素。
The whole spectrum of both very positive behavior and very negative behavior can be seen in other animals.
非常积极的行为和非常消极的行为的整个光谱都可以在其他动物身上体现出来。
Animals can be heroic and they can be genuinely altruistic and we actively tested in our chimpanzees.
动物可以是英雄，也可以是真正的利他主义者，我们在黑猩猩身上积极进行了测试。
We've done an experiment where a chimpanzee can choose between two options.
我们做过一个实验，黑猩猩可以在两个选项中做出选择。
One option rewards only himself, the other option rewards himself plus a partner who sits next to him.
一个选项是只奖励自己，另一个选项是奖励自己和坐在它旁边的伙伴。
And our chimpanzees preferred the latter option.
我们发现黑猩猩更喜欢后一个选项。
They prefer a task where they can reward the partner at the same time as themselves.
他们更喜欢能与伙伴同时获得奖励的任务。
The primates are a very cooperative society in general.
一般来说，灵长类动物是一个非常合作的群体。
The reason they live in groups is that on their own they cannot survive.
它们生活在群体中的原因是，靠它们自己是无法生存的。
So they have to have companions from whom they get support, with whom they live together,
所以它们必须有同伴，从同伴那里得到支持，与他们共同生活。
who help them find food, who warn them against predators.
他们帮助别人寻找食物，提醒他们防范捕食者。
And they have long-term friendships in their society just like humans have.
而且它们在社会上有长期的友谊，就像人类一样。
There's a lot of studies on how animals do favors for each other.
有很多关于动物如何为彼此提供帮助的研究。
And if you think about how this works it has to be based on gratitude.
如果你想知道这是如何运作的，它其实必须是基于感激之情。
Like you do something for me, and I do something back to you.
就像你为我做了什么，我也对你做了什么。
There must be some sort of emotional mechanism in there.
这里面一定有某种情感机制的存在。
And there's descriptions in the wild of people who, for example, who cut loose a whale who has been caught in a net, and they describe how the whale doesn't just swim away.
在野外有这样的描述，比如说，人们把被网住的鲸鱼放了出来，他们描述了鲸鱼不只是游走了。
The whale goes back to all these people and nuzzles them or lifts them up out of the water,
鲸鱼会回到所有这些人的身边，用嘴吻他们，或者把他们从水中举起来。
and then he disappears, and they feel the whale is expressing his gratitude for whatever happened.
然后就消失了，他们觉得鲸鱼在表达对所发生的一切的感激之情。
So there's all sorts of signs that animals have that capacity.
所以有各种迹象表明，动物有这种能力。
In the ‘70s I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights.
在70年代，我发现黑猩猩在打架后会和解。
Many animals have this process where a relationship is disturbed by fighting, but the relationship is still valuable to you, so you need to do something about what happened to it.
许多动物都有这样的过程，因为争吵影响彼此的关系，但这种关系对你来说仍然是有价值的，所以你需要回应它。
When I saw in the chimpanzees that they sometimes kiss and embrace each other after fights, and later in bonobos, I saw that they have sex after fights.
我在黑猩猩身上看到，它们有时会在争吵后亲吻和拥抱对方，后来在倭黑猩猩身上，我看到他们在吵架后有性行为。
I immediately understood that reconciliation is common and then later of course, many other studies have found reconciliation not just in the primates, in elephants and dolphins, in wolves, in goats.
我立即明白，和解是很常见的，当然，后来许多其他的研究发现，不仅在灵长类动物中是这样，大象和海豚、狼和羊吵架后也会和解。
And adoption is also typical.
而收养也是非常典型的。
So for example, in Tai forest, in Ivory Coast, there is a documentation of 10 cases of adoption by males, adult males, who have adopted an orphaned chimpanzee.
因此，例如，在象牙海岸的Tai森林，有10个由成年男性收养孤儿黑猩猩的记录。
So the chimpanzee loses its mother, chimpanzees are dependent on their mother for at least eight years of their life.
黑猩猩失去了它的母亲，它们在一生中至少有8年时间需要依赖自己的母亲来生活。
So if you lose your mother at three years of age, you may be able to survive on solid food, but you still need to be carried and protected.
因此，如果你在三岁时失去了母亲，你可能能够靠固体食物生存，但你仍然需要被携带和保护。
And someone needs to explain to you what to eat and what not to eat.
而且需要有人向你解释什么该吃，什么不该吃。
And adult males are willing to do that.
而成年男性愿意这样做。
And so they spend an enormous amount of time and energy into individuals that they don't get much back from.
因此，他们花了大量的时间和精力在个人身上，而他们并没有得到多少回报。
And I find that very interesting cases, these cases of altruism that don't fit any evolutionary scenario but nevertheless occurred.
我发现这是很有趣的案例，这些利他主义的案例不符合任何进化的情况，但还是发生了。
And so we look at prosocial tendencies and helping behavior, and animals can be truly altruistic, and I'm convinced of that.
因此，我们看一下亲社会倾向和帮助行为，动物可以是真正的利他主义，我对此深信不疑。
But animals can also of course be very mean to each other.
但动物当然也可以对彼此非常刻薄。
Chimpanzees, for example, they are known in the field sometimes to kill their neighbors because chimpanzees are very hostile and very xenophobic.
例如，黑猩猩，它们在野外有时会杀死邻居，因为黑猩猩非常有敌意，非常排外。
If they see strangers, they have very different reactions to them than when they see their familial members.
如果它们看到陌生人，它们对他们的反应与看到自己的家人时非常不同。
For example, familial group members they have empathic reactions and we can test that in，particular ways, but with strangers they certainly don't have that.
例如，家族成员之间有移情反应，我们可以用特别的方法来测试，但对于陌生人，它们肯定没有这种反应。
So chimpanzees are very good model of tribal humans so to speak, but we have an equally close relative which is the bonobo, exactly as close to us as the chimp.
所以黑猩猩可以说是部落人类的很好的模型，但我们也有一个同样的近亲，那就是倭黑猩猩，它和黑猩猩一样和人类很像。
And bonobos ,when the groups meet in the wild instead of killing each other the way chimpanzees will do, they mingle, they have sex, they groom each other.
倭黑猩猩，当群体在野外相遇时，并没有像黑猩猩那样互相残杀，而是打成一片，发生性关系，互相疏导。
It looks more like a picnic than warfare between them.
这看起来更像是一场野餐，而不是它们之间的战争。
The bonobos has been called xenophilic meaning is actually attracted to strangers and has positive contacts with them.
倭黑猩猩被称为嗜异性，意思是实际上被陌生人所吸引，并与他们有积极的互动。
In my work I sometimes contrast anthropomorphism as anthropodenial.
在我的工作中，我有时会把拟人主义与拟物主义作对比。
Anthropomorphism is when we put, let's say, too much human characteristic into an animal.
拟人化是指当我们把，过多的人类特征放到一个动物身上。
And that's of course not good.
这当然是不好的。
But anthropodenial is also not good where we sort of deny the connection that we have with animals.
但是 "拟人化 "也是不好的，因为我们否认了我们与动物的联系。
And the fact that we are animals.
以及我们是动物这一事实。
I look at humans basically as primates.
我认为人类基本上是灵长类动物。
95% of what we do are primate tendencies and primate emotions and primate sociality.
我们所做的95%都是灵长类的倾向和灵长类的情感以及灵长类的社会性。
And there is a certain part that is uniquely human, obviously, for example, I'm talking here to a TV screen which is pretty unique I would say, but still I'm communicating and making facial expressions and gestures, I'm communicating, there's an audience, which is a very primate thing to do.
还有一部分是人类特有的，显然，例如，我在这里对着电视屏幕说话，我想说这是非常独特的，但我仍然在交流，有面部表情和手势，我在交流，这里有一个观众，这是一个灵长类动物有的行为。
And so we have this very interesting combination of our cultural and technical achievements, with our old primate heritage.
因此，将我们的文化和技术成就与我们古老的灵长类遗产结合起来是非常有趣的。
But I always look more at the primate heritage than anything else.
但我总是更看重灵长类动物留下的遗产，而不是其他东西。
