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Late one night in 1871, a group of riders descended on a sleeping army camp.
1871年的一个深夜，一群骑兵突袭了沉睡中的军营。
In minutes they stirred the camp into a panic, stole about 70 horses, and disappeared.
不一会儿，他们就把军营搅得乱作一团，偷走了约70匹马后，很快便消失得无影无踪。
Led by a young chief named Quanah Parker,
这场偷袭由名为夸纳·帕克的年轻酋长领导，
the raid was the latest in a long series of altercations along the Texas frontier between the indigenous people known as the Numunu, or Comanches, and the United States forces sent to steal Comanche lands for white settlers.
而在此之前，努穆穆人或科曼奇人组成的土著部落，和被派去为白人定居者抢占科曼奇土地的美国军队之间，已经在德克萨斯边界发生过一系列的冲突。
Though the conflict was decades old, U.S. Colonel Ranald MacKenzie led the latest iteration.
这类冲突已经持续了数十年之久，而最近的一轮是由美军上校兰纳德·麦肯齐发起并领导的。
From summer to winter, he tracked Quanah.
春去秋来，他始终没有停止追寻夸纳的踪迹。
But Quanah was also tracking him, and each time the colonel drew near his targets, they disappeared without a trace into the vast plains.
但同时夸纳也在追踪着他。每当上校靠近了他的目标时，科曼奇人却已在广袤的平原上消失无踪了。
The Comanches had controlled this territory for nearly 200 years, hunting buffalo and moving whole villages around the plains.
科曼奇人统治这块土地已经快200年了，他们靠捕猎水牛为生，整个部落在平原上四处迁徙。
They suppressed Spanish and Mexican attacks from the south, attempts to settle the land by the United States from the east, and numerous other indigenous peoples' bids for power.
他们镇压了来自南边的西班牙人和墨西哥人的袭击，阻挡了来自东边、试图定居在这块土地上的美国人，还有众多争当老大的土著部落。
The Comanche Empire was not one unified group under central control, but rather a number of bands, each with its own leaders.
科曼奇帝国并不是受一个中央管辖的统一的组织，而是由很多帮派构成，每个帮派有各自的领导。
What all of these bands had in common was their prowess as riders -- every man, woman, and child was adept on horseback.
这些帮派的共同点是骑艺超群--每个男人、女人和孩童都是马背上的能手。
Their combat skills on horseback far surpassed those of both other indigenous peoples and colonists,
他们在马背上的格斗技能远超其他土著部落和殖民者，
allowing them to control an enormous area with relatively few people -- probably about 40,000 at their peak and only about 4-5,000 by the time Quanah Parker and Ranald Mackenzie faced off.
这使得他们能以很少的人口控制很广阔的区域--他们的族群规模最大时达到了四万人，但当夸纳·帕克和兰纳德·麦肯齐兵戈相见时，只有约四五千的人口。
Born around 1848, Quanah was the eldest child of Peta Nocona, a leader of the Nokoni band,
夸纳大约出生在1848年，是家中的长子，他的父亲佩塔·诺科纳是诺克尼部落的首领，
and Cynthia Ann Parker, a kidnapped white settler who assimilated with the Comanches and took the name Naduah.
母亲是被科曼奇人绑架并同化的白人殖民者辛西娅·安·帕克，后改名为纳度阿。
When Quanah was a preteen, U.S. forces ambushed his village, capturing his mother and sister.
当夸纳还是个孩子时，美军伏击了他的村庄，抓走了他的母亲和妹妹。
Quanah and his younger brother sought refuge with a different Comanche band, the Quahada.
夸纳和他弟弟后来在名为夸哈达的另一个科曼奇部落寻得了庇护。
In the years that followed, Quanah proved himself as a warrior and leader.
随后几年间，夸纳证明了自己的勇猛与领导才能。
In his early twenties, he and a young woman named Weakeah eloped, enraging her powerful father and several other leaders.
二十出头时，他和一个叫维可的年轻女人私奔了，此举激怒了维可有权有势的父亲和很多部落领袖。
They stayed on the run for a year, attracting followers and establishing Quanah as a paraibo, or chief, at an exceptionally young age.
他们逃亡了一年，期间吸引了很多追随者，他们拥立夸纳作为paraibo，即酋长，而那时夸纳还相当年轻。
Under his leadership the Quahada band was able to elude the U.S. military and continue their way of life.
在他的领导下，夸哈答部落得以避开美军，并继续他们特有的生活方式。
But in the early 1870s, the East Coast market for buffalo hides became lucrative, and hunters slaughtered millions of buffalo in just a few years.
但在19世纪70年代初的东海岸，水牛皮变成了暴利行业，狩猎者在短短几年间宰杀了数百万只水牛。
Meanwhile, U.S. forces led a surprise attack, killing nearly all the Quahada band's 1,400 horses and stealing the rest.
与此同时，美军出其不意发起了一次进攻，几乎把夸哈答部落的1400匹马杀得精光，并偷走了剩下的马。
Though he had vowed to never surrender, Quanah knew that without bison or horses, the Comanches faced certain starvation in winter.
尽管曾发誓永不投降，但夸纳明白，失去了野牛和马，科曼奇人在冬季将面临饥荒。
So in 1875 Quanah and the Quahada band moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma.
于是在1875年，夸纳带着夸哈答部落搬到了俄克拉荷马的西尔堡居留地。
As hunter-gatherers, they could not transition easily to an agricultural way of life on the reservation.
作为游猎采集部族，他们很难轻松的过渡到以农业为主的生活方式。
The U.S. government had promised rations and supplies, but what they provided was wildly insufficient.
美国政府保证向他们定量提供补给，但还远远不够所需。
Quanah, meanwhile, was suddenly in a weak political position: he had no wealth or power compared to others who had been on the reservation longer.
与此同时，夸纳也立刻陷入了一种弱势的政治境地：与其他在居留地待得时间更长的人相比他既不富有，也无权力。
Still, he saw an opportunity. The reservation included ample grasslands -- useless to the Comanches but perfect for cattle ranchers to graze their herds.
但是，他发现了一个机会。居留地有充足的草场--对科曼奇人无用，但对牧牛人来说却很适合用来放牧。
He began a profitable arrangement leasing the land to cattle ranchers, quietly at first.
他最先悄悄的与牧牛人签订了出租草场的协定以牟利。
Eventually, he negotiated leasing rights with the U.S. government, which ensured a steady source of income for the Comanches on the reservation.
后来，他与美国政府商定了出租草场的权利，这保证了卡曼奇人在居留地有稳定的收入来源。
As Quanah's status on the reservation and recognition from government officials grew,
随着夸纳在居留地的地位和政府官员对他的认可逐渐上升，
he secured better rations, advocated for the construction of schools and houses, and became one of three tribal judges on the reservation court.
他争取到了更多的补给，提倡修建学校与住房，并成为了居留地三位部落审判者中的一位。
Tired of speaking with multiple leaders, the U.S. government wanted to appoint one chief of all Comanches -- a role that hadn't existed outside the reservation.
美国政府厌倦了与多位部落领导者协商，决定指派一个领导整个科曼奇部落的酋长--这个职位在居留地外还从未存在过。
Still, many Comanches supported Quanah for this role, just as several older leaders had supported him to lead them against the U.S. armed forces.
很多科曼奇人支持由夸纳来担任此职，正如几位年长的首领曾支持由他来领导他们对抗美军。
Even Quanah's former adversary, Ranald MacKenzie, advocated for his appointment.
甚至连夸纳从前的对手，兰纳德·麦肯齐，也支持任命他。
Quanah acted in Hollywood movies and befriended American politicians, riding in Theodore Roosevelt's inauguration parade.
夸纳曾出演过好莱坞电影，和美国政客交好，还在西奥多·罗斯福的就职游行中骑马带队。
Still, he never cut his long braids and advocated for the Native American Church and the use of peyote.
但是，他从未剪掉他的长辫子，而且支持建立美国土著人自己的教堂，并大力推广佩奥特仙人掌的使用。
He began to go by Quanah Parker, adopting his mother's surname, and tried to track down his mother and sister, eventually learning they had both died shortly after their capture.
他开始使用母亲的姓氏，称自己为夸纳·帕克，并试图寻找他的母亲和妹妹，却发现她们在被抓后不久就丧生了。
Quanah adapted again and again -- to different worlds, different roles, and circumstances that would seem insurmountable to most.
夸纳持续不断的适应着不同的世界，不同的角色，以及被大多数人认为无法克服的困境。
Though he wasn't without critics, after Quanah's passing, Comanches began using the term "chairman" to designate the top elected official in the tribe,
尽管他也被一些评论家所批评，但是在他去世后，科曼奇人改用“主席”一词来称呼部落中被选出的最高官员，
recognizing him as the last chief of the Comanches and a model of cultural survival and adaptation.
将夸纳尊为科曼奇部落的最后一位酋长，他是文化传承和适应生存的典范。
In that spirit, today's Comanche Nation looks towards the future, with over 16,000 enrolled citizens and countless descendants.
追随着他的精神，现在的科曼奇国展望着未来，目前拥有着超过1600名注册的公民和数不清的子孙后代。
