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There are some people who differentiate between habits and skills, I don't.
有些人会区分习惯和技能，但我不会区分。
With a skill, you typically have ways of improving the performance over time.
关于技能，你通常会随着时间的推移，用某种方式去提高自己。
So, you want there to be a good habit basis for a skill.
所以，你希望技能能有一个良好的习惯基础。
And obviously when you start something new, you have to be making decisions and exerting willpower.
很明显，刚开始做一件新的事情时，你必须得做出决定，并且调动自己的意志力。
Only over time will you start to automate- it can take thousands of repetitions before you can do it, habitually, automatically in a high-level, very accomplished way.
你需要上千次的重复，慢慢地，你才会开始以一种高水平、非常成功的方式去习惯性地、自然地做这件事。
I think that when you start out learning a skill, that you're often starting out doing it thoughtfully in a very deliberate way.
我觉得人们刚开始学习某项技能时，通常都是以一种非常刻意的、深思熟虑的方式去做。
But over time that conscious thought becomes much less important.
但随着时间的流逝，这种有意识的思想会变得无足轻重。
All you have to do is pick up the tennis racket and hold it, and you know what to do with the ball.
你只需要拿起球拍，就知道该怎么打球。
There's not a whole lot of conscious deliberation that has to be automatic.
很多有意识的思考并不是自动的。
I got to talk to a professional cellist about what it's like to play a piece of music in front of an audience.
我曾经跟一位专业的大提琴演奏家聊过，在观众面前演奏音乐是什么感觉。
I mean, the melodies are beautiful, they carry you along, but there's still so much to remember.
旋律很优美，会带着他们向下演奏，但依然有很多需要记住的事情。
And it turns out they set cues throughout a piece.
原来他们会在整首曲子里埋下线索。
So they will practice a piece in segments, and then if someone coughs in the audience, there's some disruption,
他们会分段练习，如果观众中有人咳嗽，出现了干扰，
some other musician forgets where they are, they can go back to that cue; that they can then just pick up from and continue.
有音乐家忘记演到哪里了，他们可以返回到那个线索那儿，从那里开始继续演奏。
And it's beautifully seamless.
绝对是无缝衔接。
Malcolm Gladwell has a book out arguing that, with enough practice, we can all be successful at a high level in almost any domain.
马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在一本书中说道，只要练习足够，我们都可以在几乎所有的领域中达到高水平的成功。
He's right, that practice is beneficial, but geez- it takes a whole lot more.
他说的对，练习很重要，但是，我们所需要的远不止于此。
As an athlete, you need a certain set of physical abilities.
作为运动员，你需要有一系列的身体素质。
To be a great musician, you need other kinds of capabilities.
作为伟大的音乐家，你还需要其他方面的能力。
You can get a whole lot better at skills if you keep practicing them.
如果你一直练习，你的技能会非常娴熟。
But whether you will be able to reach high-level, elite status, that's less certain because that's a combination of innate skills, certain types of training, opportunities, who you get to work with.
但你是否能够达到高水平、精英状态，就不好说了，因为它取决于天赋、某些训练、机遇，以及你的合作伙伴。
I mean, all of these things matter, and it's not just based on practice.
这些因素都很重要，并不仅仅是练习就够了。
Our second self-our habits develop as a consequence, as a function of the opportunities that we have.
我们的第二自我，我们的习惯是一种结果，它取决于我们所拥有的机遇。
Of the choices that we have in our lives.
以及我们在生活中所做的选择。
