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While many of us only know it from the game Oregon Trail, cholera is a real infection with real consequences.
虽然我们很多人只是从游戏《俄勒冈之旅》中知道的它，但霍乱是一种确实存在的传染病，会造成实实在在的后果。
In 2010, Haiti was hit with a massive earthquake. UN workers arrived to help but possibly also brought cholera along with them.
2010年，海地发生了一场大地震。联合国工作人员赶来提供帮助，但很有可能也带来了霍乱。
Haiti had not had a cholera outbreak in more that 50 years.
当时，海地已经50多年没有爆发过霍乱了。
But the 2010 outbreak left about 790,000 people sick and over 9,000 dead... we wanted to know what exactly is this disease, and what does it do?
但2010年的那场疫情，导致约79万人患病，9000多人死亡...我们想知道这种疾病到底是什么，它到底会带来什么影响？
Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae.
霍乱是由霍乱弧菌引起的细菌感染。
Only about 1 in 10 people infected develop symptoms,
只有大约十分之一的感染者会出现症状，
but those that do must get treatment quickly and can experience excessive watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping.
但出现症状的人必须迅速得到治疗，他们可能会出现严重的水样腹泻、呕吐和腹部绞痛。
Cholera can kill a healthy individual within hours if they are not treated properly.
如果治疗不当，霍乱可以在数小时内杀死一个健康的人。
According to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the incubation period for the disease is about 12 hours to 4-and-a-half days.
根据约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院的说法，这种疾病的潜伏期约为12小时至4天半。
Cholera affects the digestive tract by releasing choleragen, or cholera toxin, a protein that attacks the gut, causing that watery diarrhea.
霍乱通过释放胆碱或霍乱毒素来影响消化道，这是一种攻击肠道的蛋白质，会引起水样腹泻。
Because those afflicted are losing so much fluid, it leave them severely dehydrated!
由于这些患者流失过多的液体，所以会导致他们严重脱水！
This can cause hypovolemic shock -- or an extreme loss of the body's fluid.
这可能会导致低血容量性休克--或体内液体大量流失。
This loss of fluid literally makes the blood thicken which causes problems with circulation and keeps it from reaching organs.
这种液体的流失会使血液变稠，从而导致血液循环出现问题，使血液无法到达各个器官。
This also happens during regular old dehydration, and can lead to death if a patient isn't hydrated immediately!
这也会发生在常规的脱水过程中，如果患者没有立即补水，可能会导致死亡！
Because the loss of fluid is the major symptom, the primary treatment is fast and plentiful rehydration.
由于体液的流失是主要症状，所以主要的治疗方法是快速、充分的补水。
In areas of the world where cholera outbreaks are common, doctors keep rehydration packets, IV fluids, and salts on hand.
在世界上霍乱爆发很常见的地区，医生会准备补液包、静脉注射液和盐。
I know you're probably thinking salt makes you thirsty, but it's also an important part of life, without salt our body can't move fluids around easily
我猜你可能认为盐会让你感到口渴，但它也是生活中重要的一部分，没有盐我们身体中的液体就不能轻松流动，
so these packets contain sodium for water movement, and glucose which was discovered to accelerate fluid movement by research published in the Lancet in 1978
所以这些包装里含有钠元素，可以促进水的运动，还有葡萄糖，1978年发表在《柳叶刀》上的研究发现，葡萄糖可以加速液体的运动
they called it the "most important medical advance of the century."
他们称之为“本世纪最重要的医学进步”。
There are also antibiotics for cholera; however rapid rehydration is the most important step in saving lives.
还有治疗霍乱的抗生素；但快速补水还是拯救生命的最重要的一步。
Today we know that cholera is often transmitted through faecally contaminated water and food,
今天，我们知道霍乱通常是通过被粪便污染的水和食物传播的，
but back in the early 19th century, physicians thought it was caused by bad odors, or miasmas, rising up from the sewers and open graves.
但在19世纪初期，医生们认为它是由从下水道和敞开的坟墓中升起的难闻气味或瘴气引起的。
Then in the early 1850s, a British physician by the name of John Snow theorized that something else was responsible,
之后，在19世纪50年代初，一位名叫约翰·斯诺的英国医生，提出了其他引发霍乱的原因的理论，
because the main symptoms were in the digestive tract, not in the lungs.
因为主要症状出现在消化道，而不是肺部。
Instead of breathing in the source of cholera, Snow believed patients ingested it.
斯诺认为，病人并不是吸入的霍乱源，而是吃入的。
During an outbreak in Soho London in 1854, Snow mapped the cases of cholera and found that there was an epicenter to the outbreak.
1854年，在伦敦苏荷区霍乱爆发期间，斯诺绘制了霍乱病例的地图，发现了霍乱爆发的中心。
The Broad Street water pump was surrounded by the highest incidences of the disease, which led Snow to believe it was contaminated water that was the culprit.
布罗德街的水泵周围霍乱病例最多，因此，斯诺认为受污染的水是罪魁祸首。
Also in 1854, in Florence, Italy, Filippo Pacini published a paper describing the microorganism that caused the disease.
同样是在1854年，在意大利的佛罗伦萨，菲利波·帕奇尼发表了一篇论文，描述了导致这种疾病的微生物。
And in 1884, Robert Koch isolated the bacteria and described how the cholera was spread.
1884年，罗伯特·科赫分离出了这种细菌，并描述了霍乱是如何传播的。
Since then, the disease has been mostly eradicated in developed countries with proper sanitation.
自那之后，这种疾病在拥有适当卫生设施的发达国家已基本根除。
Each year cholera affects 1.3 to 4 million people and causes 21,000 to 143,000 deaths worldwide.
每年全世界有130万到400万人感染霍乱，并导致2.1万人到14.3万人死亡。
There are several regions still affected, including India, much of Africa, and most recently, Haiti.
目前仍有几个地区会容易出现霍乱疫情，包括印度、非洲大部分地区以及最近的海地。
