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By then, large swaths of Asia and the Middle East had mastered the art of growing and refining sugar, using it to create desserts and medicinal concoctions, and even sugar sculptures that functioned as saccharine status symbols.
那时，亚洲和中东的大片地区已经掌握了种植甘蔗和提炼糖的艺术，人们用糖制作甜点和自制药汤，甚至还制作象征糖类地位的糖雕。
"The true age of sugar" began when it was introduced to the new world, according to Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos's book, "Sugar Changed the World."
根据马克·艾伦森和玛丽娜·巴杜思的书《糖改变了世界》，在糖被引入新世界时，“真正的糖的时代”就开始了。
And while one could perhaps accuse the authors of some geographical bias in that pronouncement - I mean, it was certainly serving an important cultural role before that in Asia - it's impossible to argue that the role of sugar changed immeasurably when it arrived in the New World via Christopher Columbus.
虽然有人可能会指责作者的这个说法存在一些地理偏见——在糖被引入新世界之前，它肯定在亚洲发挥了重要的文化作用——但不可否认的是，克里斯托弗·哥伦布将糖引入新大陆后，糖的作用发生了巨大的变化。
Yes, that Christopher Columbus.
是的，就是那个哥伦布。
In fact, according to historian Jack A.Goldstone, "The first documented revolt of African slaves in the Americas broke out around Christmas 1521 in southeastern Hispaniola on a sugar estate owned by the eldest son of Christopher Columbus."
事实上，根据历史学家杰克·A·戈德斯通的说法，“1521年圣诞节前后，在伊斯帕尼奥拉东南部，在克里斯托弗·哥伦布的长子拥有的一个制糖庄园内，爆发了美洲第一次有记录的非洲奴隶起义。”
Growing and harvesting sugar is a labor-intensive process, and the rise of sugar plantations caused an intensification of the African slave trade.
种植甘蔗并制造糖是劳动密集型工作，糖园的兴起导致非洲奴隶贸易加剧。
Millions of human beings were enslaved and brought to the New World to work on sugar plantations - some 5 million to the Caribbean alone.
数百万人被奴役并带到新世界，在甘蔗种植园工作——仅加勒比地区就有大约500万人。
Even in the context of slavery, work on the sugar plantations was particularly back-breaking.
即使在奴隶制的背景下，甘蔗种植园的工作也异常繁重。
By the estimate of a white Barbados planter named Edward Littleton, someone forced to work on the sugar plantations had a lifespan of somewhere between ten and seventeen years, on average.
根据巴巴多斯一位名叫爱德华·利特尔顿的白人种植园主的估计，被迫在甘蔗种植园工作的人平均寿命仅仅有10到17年。
The impact on indigenous populations was also devastating.
制糖对美国的土著人口也有着毁灭性的影响。
"In the Caribbean the [indegenous] population became virtually extinct within a generation" of European contact, according to Professor Linda A.Newson, through a combination of brutal treatment and the introduction of Old World diseases.
琳达·a·纽森教授表示，“在加勒比海地区，[土著]人口在一代人的时间内几乎灭绝”，原因是奴隶主的残忍对待和旧世界疾病的传播。
In the United States, Louisiana's sugar industry rose in step with its reliance on the labor of enslaved people, making the state the country's second-richest in per capita wealth.
在美国，路易斯安那州的制糖业依赖奴隶制发展了起来，该州也因此成为人均财富全国第二的州。
There, the inhumane working conditions led to a pattern of "deaths exceeding births," according to historian Michael Tadman.
根据历史学家迈克尔·塔德曼的说法，在路易斯安那州，不人道的工作条件导致该州出现“死亡人数高于出生人数”的情况。
Even after slavery was abolished, "plantation labor overshadowed black people's lives in the sugar region until well into the 20th century," according to John C.Rodrigue.
据约翰·C·罗德里格称，即使在奴隶制被废除后，“种植园劳动的阴影直到20世纪都笼罩着糖业地区黑人的生活”。
By the way, these last few quotes come from a great piece by Khalil Gibran Muhammad in the New York Times.
顺便说一句，最后这几句话出自哈利勒·纪伯伦·穆罕默德在《纽约时报》上发表的一篇精彩文章。
There's a link to in the description below.
在视频下方的简介中有它的链接。
The interplay of sugar, wealth, and power wasn't limited to the Caribbean or American South.
糖、财富和权力的相互作用并不仅仅存在于加勒比海地区或美国南部。
Many historians argue that the United States' annexation of Hawaii was tied closely to sugar production and the cheap labor it relied on.
许多历史学家认为，美国吞并夏威夷与糖的生产及其对廉价劳动力的依赖密不可分。
The McKinley Tariff, passed in 1890, made Hawaiian sugar uncompetitive in the American market.
1890年通过的《麦金莱关税法》使夏威夷的糖在美国市场上失去了竞争力。
Whether the white Hawaiian planters' motivation was purely monetary or was tied into a fear of losing their dominance over the poorly paid and numerous Asian laborers working in Hawaii, by 1893 the queen of Hawaii had been deposed and by 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the United States.
无论夏威夷白人种植园主单纯是为了金钱，还是担心失去对夏威夷工作的大量低收入亚洲劳工的控制，1893年，夏威夷女王被罢免，1898年，夏威夷被美国吞并。
We continue to feel the impact of sugar in our world today, whether we look to the inequality faced by the descendants of enslaved people or to the deleterious effects of obesity and other health problems associated with excessive sugar consumption (health problems, it's worth pointing out, that disproportionately affect African-Americans.)
如今，我们依旧能感受到糖对当今世界的影响，无论是被奴役人民的后代所面临的不平等，还是肥胖和其他过量摄入糖份导致的健康问题（值得指出的是，健康问题对非裔美国人的影响很大）
