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Either way, as Timo pointed out, the abbot was cousins with Charlemagne.
无论如何，正如Timo指出的那样，这位住持是查理曼的亲戚。
Our next episode is all about candy corn.
我们的下一期节目是关于玉米糖的。
If you want to be featured in it, drop a fact below about the, let's just say... polarizing treat in the comments.
如果你想在下期节目中出现，那就在评论区留下一个小知识，关于……这么说吧，关于它两极分化的评价。
Anyway.
无论如何。
Hops.
说回啤酒花。
A few hundred years after that first written reference, German abbess and eventual Catholic saint Hildegard of Bingen wrote, in her book Physica Sacra, that hops “make the soul of a man sad and weigh down his inner organs.”
在啤酒花第一个文字记载出现几百年后，德国女修道院院长，被追封的天主教圣人希尔德加德·宾根在她的书Physica Sacra中写道，啤酒花“带来悲伤，让人的内在沉重。”
OK, but you say that like it's a bad thing, Hildergard of Bingen.
好吧，但你说得好像啤酒花不是什么好东西，希尔德加德·宾根。
According to beer scholar William Bostwick, her description was actually so scathing that it helped launch a beer war between Catholics and Protestants.
根据啤酒学者威廉·博斯特威克的说法，她的描述太过尖刻，以至于引发了天主教徒和新教徒之间的啤酒战争。
Partly inspired by Hildegard, Catholics ditched hops and fully embraced gruit, which was the mixture of herbs and aromatics used to flavor most early beers.
部分由于希尔德加德的言论，天主教徒不再使用啤酒花，而是完全转向了gruit，这是早期大多数啤酒中用来调味的香草和香料的混合物。
This made hoppy beer anti-Catholic, so naturally Protestants claimed it as their own.
这导致啤酒花开始带有反天主性质，新教徒很自然地声称啤酒花为他们所有。
Martin Luther himself was even a proponent of the beverage.
马丁·路德本人甚至都是啤酒花制作的啤酒的支持者。
During the Reformation in the 16th century, the rise of protestantism helped boost hops' profile in Europe.
在16世纪宗教改革期间，新教的兴起提升了啤酒花在欧洲的形象。
Hops had another advantage in the beer wars.
啤酒花在啤酒大战中还有另一个优势。
The ingredient contains beta acids that delay spoilage and act as a natural preservative.
啤酒花含有β-酸，可以延缓腐烂，起到天然防腐剂的作用。
Monks weren't aware of this property when they first added hops to beer, and it when it did become clear centuries later, that was the final nail in gruit's coffin.
僧侣们第一次用啤酒花制作啤酒时，并不知道啤酒花的这一特性，几个世纪后，人们开始明确啤酒花的这一特性后，gruit最终退出了历史舞台。
Beer was a popular drink of the lower classes from Ancient times through the Middle Ages, but there's some confusion as to why.
从古代到中世纪，啤酒一直是在下层阶级广受欢迎的饮料，但原因是什么呢？
You may have heard that peasants drank beer every day because it was more sanitary than the water they had access to, and it makes a certain amount of sense.
你可能听说过，农民每天喝啤酒是因为啤酒比他们能喝到的水更卫生，这有一定的道理。
Brewing generally involves boiling the unfermented beer, or wort; this would theoretically kill off pathogens.
啤酒酿造流程通常包括将未发酵的啤酒或麦芽汁煮沸；理论上可以杀死病原体。
Once fermentation takes place, the alcohol itself would presumably provide further disinfection.
一旦产生发酵反应，酒精本身能够进一步杀菌。
But while it's hard to say that beer was never looked at as a healthier alternative to water, the theory doesn't stand up to much scrutiny as it relates to the Middle Ages.
但是，虽然不能说人们从未认为啤酒比水更健康，但这一理论在中世纪那段时期来说并不太站得住脚。
The truth is that clean water wasn't that hard to come by, even in poorer communities.
事实是，获得干净的水并没有那么困难，即使在较贫穷的社区也是如此。
People could get free water from wells and streams, and some places like London even had cisterns by the 13th century.
人们可以从水井和溪流中免费获得干净的水，到13世纪，伦敦等一些地方甚至还有蓄水池。
A more likely explanation for beer's popularity with poor and working class people is that, beyond its intoxicating effects, it was viewed as a cheap source of nutrition.
啤酒在穷人和工薪阶层中受欢迎的一个更可能的解释是，除了它令人陶醉的口感外，啤酒还是一种廉价的营养来源。
If you were a worker in the Middle Ages, an afternoon pint provided a measure of hydration and quick calories at the same time.
如果你是中世纪的一名工人，下午喝一品脱的啤酒可以同时获取一定的水分和卡路里。
Though I don't recommend using that same logic to justify drinking on the job today.
不过，我不建议用这种逻辑来证明上班时喝酒很合理。
Nah I'm just kidding this is a fake beer.
不，我只是开玩笑，这是假啤酒。
It's a cartoon.
动画效果。
Come on it's 11:30 in the morning who do you think I am.
得了吧，现在是早上11点半，你觉得我是这种人吗。
Today the craft brewing industry skews heavily male, but women have likely been making beer for thousands of years.
如今，手工酿造行业中的员工大部分都是男性，但女性酿造啤酒的历史可能已经有数千年了。
Female brewers during the 16th and 17th century may even have given rise to some of the iconic imagery around witches.
16和17世纪，人们甚至为女酿酒师创造了一些类似女巫的标志性形象。
From the cauldrons they brewed in, to the pointy hats they wore (perhaps to attract customers), to the cats they kept to deal with grain-loving rodents, some writers have drawn a line connecting alewife entrepreneurs and what would eventually become witchy iconography.
从她们酿造啤酒用的大锅，到她们戴的尖帽子（可能是为了吸引顾客），再到她们养的用来对付喜欢谷物的啮齿动物的猫，一些作家最终将啤酒店老板娘和巫婆这一形象联系在了一起。
While it's difficult to source accusations of witchcraft levied at brewsters, there does seem to be overlap in assertions of duplicitousness, for example - perhaps as a method to drive women out of a field that was quickly becoming dominated by men.
虽然很难找到指控女酿酒商使用巫术的说法的源头，但似乎确实有阴谋论的说法与此相关，例如——这种指控或许是为了将女性赶出这个迅速开始由男性主导的领域。
