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In different times and places, and often in the same place at the same time, the years between birth and puberty have been considered a springtide of innocence and discovery, a mine of cheap and ready labour, or a spell of reckless sinning that needed to be drubbed out by the catechism and the cane.
在不同的时间和地点，往往在同一时间的同一地点，人们认为从出生之日到青春期的这段岁月是从单纯无知到发现探索的春天，是廉价和现成劳动力的宝库，或是一段鲁莽罪恶的日子，需要用教理问答和笞杖藤条藤条将其驱除。
Those beliefs carried conflicting feelings about play, that characteristic childhood activity, and its common materials, toys.
这些观点对儿童特有的活动玩耍，及其玩耍常见的材料玩具有着相互矛盾的看法。
Fisher-Price’s playthings were in many ways the apotheosis of a vision of youth that began to form several hundred years ago, but that became truly dominant in the course of the last century.
费雪玩具在许多方面都是在神话青春愿景，这种愿景在几百年前就开始形成了，但在上个世纪才真正占据主导地位。
A remarkable range of species, from the elephantnose fish to the komodo dragon, have been observed frolicking with objects such as twigs, rings and plastic balls.
人们观察到，从象鼻鱼到科莫多巨蜥，各种各样的奇异物种都在玩树枝、吊环和塑料球等物体。
Among our own kind, play is ubiquitous, and there is possible evidence for toys stretching at least as far back as the Late Upper Palaeolithic period, from 20,000 to 10,000 BC, though the most common toys, like stick dolls and little wooden spears, have likely vanished from the early archaeological record altogether.
在我们人类当中，玩耍是无处不在的，可能存在的证据表明，玩具至少可以追溯到旧石器时代晚期，即公元前2万至1万年，尽管最常见的玩具，如棍子娃娃和小木矛，可能已经从早期的考古记录中完全消失了。
From the bronze age onward, playthings appear frequently, and often in graves and other settings that suggest how intimately they were associated with what it means to be a child.
从青铜时代开始，玩具便经常出现，而且频繁出现在墓葬和其他地点，这表明玩具与孩子有多么密切的联系。
A fifth-century BC Attic flask in the Metropolitan Museum of Art depicts a little boy about to cross over the River Styx into the world of the dead; he reaches one hand toward his living mother, who cannot take it, and in his other hand he grasps the handle of a toy cart.
大都会艺术博物馆收藏的公元前5世纪的阿提卡瓶描绘了一个小男孩即将渡过冥河进入冥界; 他一只手伸向还活着的母亲，但母亲无法接住他的手，另一只手抓着玩具车的把手。
Although the explicit didacticism of modern toys is relatively novel in human history, playthings have always seemed to provide a toehold on the climb towards maturity.
尽管现代玩具的显性说教主义在人类历史上相对较新，但玩具似乎总是为迈向成熟提供了一个立足点。
A ram-shaped pull toy from the 3rd-millennium BC city of Tell Asmar likely encouraged a Mesopotamian child to practise crawling along the floor and then toddling down the lane; in the Kalahari desert, the child-size bow and arrow still helps to prepare the San child for his eventual role in the hunt.
在公元前三千年的泰尔阿斯马市，一个公羊形状的拉动玩具可能会鼓励一个美索不达米亚的孩子在地板上练习爬行，沿着小路练习蹒跚而行; 在喀拉哈里沙漠，儿童大小的弓箭仍然有助于桑族孩子为最终的狩猎角色做好准备。
Following the spread of capitalism and the Protestant ethic beginning in the 16th century, play in much of the western world was frowned upon unless it was construed as a form of physically, mentally and morally productive work.
16世纪，随着资本主义和新教伦理的传播，在西方世界的大部分地区，玩耍不被认同，除非将其解释为一种体力劳动、脑力劳动、道德劳动。
Educational toys like the ones that filled my son’s playroom emerged more or less directly from that kind of moralising and industrious zeal.
填满我儿子娱乐室里的那些益智类玩具，或多或少直接来自于对这种道德教化和勤奋刻苦的热衷。
